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Food labels are increasingly used to provide information to consumers. As a common design strategy used for food package labels globally, label frame is often used to expand the perceived breadth of a brand and create a broader brand image. We evaluated the effect of the presence or absence of a non-genetically modified organism (non-GMO) label frame on consumers' preferences for non-GMO foods.

This study collected data from 120 MBA students at a university in Sichuan, China, and 126 foreign volunteers in a shopping mall in Chengdu, Sichuan Province. The study investigates the effect of the presence or absence of non-GMO label frame (i.e. label with or without an outline) on non-GMO food preferences through a field survey and two controlled experiments. To empirically analyse the psychological mechanisms by which non-GMO label frames affect consumers' preferences for non-GMO food, we set up the mediating variable of food association of safety.

For ordinary consumers, a framed non-GMO label is more likely to evoke food association of safety and further enhance consumer preference for non-GMO foods. It facilitates consumers' choice of healthier foods. This finding did not otherwise vary across demographic characteristics.

This study is the first to examine the influence of non-GMO label frames on consumers' non-GMO food preferences, which is an innovative research question. The findings of this study are instructive for food manufacturers and policymakers to better design and use non-GMO label frames to attract more consumers to choose non-GMO foods.

The purpose of this paper is to study the cause of severe corrosion of the galvanized lightning rods in a 220 kV transformer substation, and to seek the effective corrosion inhibition measures for the hollow lightning rods.

The corrosion morphology and rust component of lightning rod was analyzed, and the corrosion process of lightning rod was researched by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ion chromatography and electrochemical tests.

The results indicated that the outer surface of hollow lightning rod was corroded slightly; however, its inner surface suffered severe corrosion because of a long time high-humidity environment inside the tube caused by the rainwater permeation. A rust layer consisted of Fe₃O₄ and a little FeOOH was accumulated on the inner surface of the hollow lightning rod. Moreover, Fe₃O₄ rust layer worked as a large cathode area which could promote the corrosion of metal substrate further. A self-accelerating corrosion process was formed on the inner surface, making the corrosion failure of lightning rod occurred and aggravated gradually.

The corrosion of inner surface of hollow lightning rod cannot be detected easily. More attention should be paid to the corrosion inhibition of lightning rod. The key of corrosion inhibition for the hollow lightning rod was to avoid the rainwater accumulation inside tube. The research results can provide guidelines on the corrosion inhibition measures selection of lightning rod in transformer substation.