Zhongyi He, Heyang Shao, Wenqi Rao, Tianhui Ren and Weimin Liu
To study some tribochemical properties of tetrazole derivatives, n‐hexadecanyl (1H‐tetrazol‐1‐yl) acetate (HTA) and 1‐phenyl‐5‐(octylthio)‐tetrazole (PCT) as lubricating oil…
Abstract
Purpose
To study some tribochemical properties of tetrazole derivatives, n‐hexadecanyl (1H‐tetrazol‐1‐yl) acetate (HTA) and 1‐phenyl‐5‐(octylthio)‐tetrazole (PCT) as lubricating oil additives in hydrogenised oil, and estimate the action mechanism.Design/methodology/approach – The two tetrazole compounds were synthesized, and added them in hydrogenised oil with different concentrations. Their anti‐wear properties were evaluated with a four‐ball machine, the wear scar was analyzed with a X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).Findings – The novel compounds possess good anti‐wear, friction reduction properties and good load‐carrying capacity. According to the XPS results, the novel compounds were migrated onto the surface of the steel balls and adsorbed on the surface. The two additive compounds, themselves, and their decomposers contributed to the corresponding tribological performances. With S element contained in the compound PCT, the influence on the load‐carrying capacity of the base oil was enhanced. It may be due to the formation of S2− and SO42− compounds on the worn surface which could form a protective film.Research limitations/implications – Their antioxidant, anticorrosion, anti‐wear properties are not estimated.Practical implications – Two useful EP and AW lubricating oil additives were synthesized, and maybe it is the potential industrial applied lubricating oil additives.Originality/value – This paper provided a study way of some N‐containing heterocyclic compounds as lubricating oil additives.
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Xiangqiong Zeng, Hongling Yi, Hua Wu, Jing Li, Tianhui Ren, Weimin Liu and Zhongyi He
This paper seeks to study the tribological properties, corrosion inhibition properties and action mechanism of two triazine‐containing disulfides, TOSS and TOMA, as additives in…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper seeks to study the tribological properties, corrosion inhibition properties and action mechanism of two triazine‐containing disulfides, TOSS and TOMA, as additives in combustion engine base oil (5CST); those properties of an alkyl disulfide dodecyl disulfide and zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) were also evaluated for comparison to discover whether these additives could be used as potential substitute candidates for ZDDP.
Design/methodology/approach
Their tribological performances were evaluated using a four‐ball machine. The worn surfaces were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
Findings
The three additives have good load‐carrying capacity and corrosion inhibition properties comparable with those of ZDDP. The anti‐wear properties of the triazine‐containing disulfides TOSS and TOMA are good but a little inferior to those of ZDDP. The friction‐reducing performances of the additives are better than those of ZDDP. The XPS results show that absorption and tribochemical reactions occur to generate a complex boundary lubrication films comprising inorganic sulfate, sulfide, iron oxide and organic nitrogen, and sulfur‐containing compounds.
Research limitations/implications
The anti‐oxidation properties are still to be estimated, and the synergistic effectiveness with other additives could be demonstrated.
Practical implications
These additives are good extreme pressure and anti‐wear additives in combustion engine base oil and, through further modification of molecular structure or combination with other additives, they may be a potential replacement for ZDDP.
Originality/value
To reduce the cost, the products synthesized were not finely separated. Their tribological properties as additives in the widely used combustion engine base oil were first investigated and results indicate that they show excellent performances.
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Zhongyi Hu, Raymond Chiong, Ilung Pranata, Yukun Bao and Yuqing Lin
Malicious web domain identification is of significant importance to the security protection of internet users. With online credibility and performance data, the purpose of this…
Abstract
Purpose
Malicious web domain identification is of significant importance to the security protection of internet users. With online credibility and performance data, the purpose of this paper to investigate the use of machine learning techniques for malicious web domain identification by considering the class imbalance issue (i.e. there are more benign web domains than malicious ones).
Design/methodology/approach
The authors propose an integrated resampling approach to handle class imbalance by combining the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) and particle swarm optimisation (PSO), a population-based meta-heuristic algorithm. The authors use the SMOTE for oversampling and PSO for undersampling.
Findings
By applying eight well-known machine learning classifiers, the proposed integrated resampling approach is comprehensively examined using several imbalanced web domain data sets with different imbalance ratios. Compared to five other well-known resampling approaches, experimental results confirm that the proposed approach is highly effective.
Practical implications
This study not only inspires the practical use of online credibility and performance data for identifying malicious web domains but also provides an effective resampling approach for handling the class imbalance issue in the area of malicious web domain identification.
Originality/value
Online credibility and performance data are applied to build malicious web domain identification models using machine learning techniques. An integrated resampling approach is proposed to address the class imbalance issue. The performance of the proposed approach is confirmed based on real-world data sets with different imbalance ratios.
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Wei Liu, Zhongyi Feng, Yuehan Hu and Xiao Luo
Prefabricated building (PB) has high technical requirements and is susceptible to safety accidents, and its construction occupational health and safety (OHS) problems should not…
Abstract
Purpose
Prefabricated building (PB) has high technical requirements and is susceptible to safety accidents, and its construction occupational health and safety (OHS) problems should not be ignored. To promote the better development of PB, this study aims to measure their construction safety management level and propose corresponding countermeasures.
Design/methodology/approach
By systematically combing the relevant literature, this study extracts the influencing factors that appear frequently in several studies and categorizes them according to six dimensions: people, materials and components, technology, mechanical equipment, environment and system. Combining expert opinions, the measurement index system, including 6 primary indexes and 24 secondary indexes, is constructed. The structural entropy weight (SEW) method is applied to calculate the index weights. The cloud matter element (CME) model based on the weights is constructed to determine the level of construction occupational health and safety management (COHSM). A project case of a training building is used to verify it. The results obtained from the model are compared with those from other measurement models to verify the feasibility of the model in measuring the level of COHSM for PB.
Findings
The calculated weights show that technology is the most important for the COHSM of PB. The management level of the project in terms of people, materials and components, technology, machinery and equipment, environment and system is Level II good. The overall safety management level is also Level II, which is good. The model of this study is consistent with other model measurements. The methodology of this study yields reasonable and realistic results.
Originality/value
This study is the first to include occupational health dimensions in the research on the construction safety management of PB, which not only covers the key elements in traditional construction safety management but also considers the impact of the construction process, material use and technology of PB on safety management, making the measurement index system more scientific. Meanwhile, the introduction of the CME model based on the SEW method effectively solves the deficiencies of the traditional method in dealing with ambiguity and uncertainty and provides practitioners with more accurate and comprehensive measurement results. It helps practitioners formulate a more scientific management plan in combination with the actual situation and provides a guiding idea and practical path for the COHSM of similar projects.
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Zhongyi Xiao, Rui He, Zhangxi Lin and Hamilton Elkins
This study investigates the determinants of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) cash compensation in relation to corporate governance and performance in China's listed firms. This…
Abstract
Purpose
This study investigates the determinants of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) cash compensation in relation to corporate governance and performance in China's listed firms. This article also aims at analyzing gender earning differentials among CEOs.
Design/methodology/approach
The empirical analysis is based on the panel data set which contains information on the CEOs of 1,701 firm-year observations over the period 2006-2010. A Oaxaca decomposition is also implemented to measure the gap between male and female CEO compensation.
Findings
The paper observes that CEO compensation relies more on firm accounting performance than on stock market performance. This relationship is especially evident when accounting performance is measured as the return-on-assets. Dominant shareholders such as the state and block holders have a distinct impact on the use of incentive pay. The presence of a compensation committee in a Chinese listed firm is correlated with an excessive pay package for the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), even though there is evidence that pay-for-performance is more likely in the presence of a compensation committee. Furthermore, this context extends the international body of evidence on CEO compensation by offering a novel accounting of the gender gap in pay among China's listed firms. Examination of the dataset reveals that women represent approximately 6.8 percent of CEOs. In keeping with international norms, female CEOs are more senior and better educated than their male counterparts, yet they receive less favorable compensation. The Oaxaca decomposition shows a larger unexplained part of the pay-gap and suggests that the gender statistically explains a great deal of the gap in pay between male and female CEOs across China's listed firms.
Originality/value
This article contributes to the international corporate governance literature and implications for the design of good corporate governance for China's listed firms. Moreover, this article also highlights the current gender gap among CEOs in compensation.
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After Ma Yingjeou's re‐election in 2012, Mainland China and Taiwan will continue cooperation in economic fields. The purpose of this paper is to undertake research on a bilateral…
Abstract
Purpose
After Ma Yingjeou's re‐election in 2012, Mainland China and Taiwan will continue cooperation in economic fields. The purpose of this paper is to undertake research on a bilateral investment agreement (BIA) between Mainland China and Taiwan.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper uses statistics to demonstrate the growing cross‐strait investment and incompetent contemporary investment protection mechanisms in Mainland China and Taiwan. The paper also compares laws in Mainland China and Taiwan and the investment protection agreements concluded by Mainland and Taiwan with other countries, respectively.
Findings
Based on the similarities of current laws and the investment protection agreements concluded by Mainland China and Taiwan with other countries, respectively, Mainland China and Taiwan can possibility agree upon major provisions of a BIA. Solutions are provided to both macro and micro challenges against a successful BIA.
Research limitations/implications
It is hard to predict whether the BIA will promote political integration between Mainland China and Taiwan in the near future.
Practical implications
A BIA can boost investors' confidence.
Social implications
This paper may serve as a humble reference for both the Mainland China and Taiwan government when negotiating the BIA.
Originality/value
Cross‐strait investment is an important and prosperous field in practice, but has not been fully explored in literature thus far. This Article aims to fill this gap.
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Chaoqun Wang, Zhongyi Hu, Raymond Chiong, Yukun Bao and Jiang Wu
The aim of this study is to propose an efficient rule extraction and integration approach for identifying phishing websites. The proposed approach can elucidate patterns of…
Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study is to propose an efficient rule extraction and integration approach for identifying phishing websites. The proposed approach can elucidate patterns of phishing websites and identify them accurately.
Design/methodology/approach
Hyperlink indicators along with URL-based features are used to build the identification model. In the proposed approach, very simple rules are first extracted based on individual features to provide meaningful and easy-to-understand rules. Then, the F-measure score is used to select high-quality rules for identifying phishing websites. To construct a reliable and promising phishing website identification model, the selected rules are integrated using a simple neural network model.
Findings
Experiments conducted using self-collected and benchmark data sets show that the proposed approach outperforms 16 commonly used classifiers (including seven non–rule-based and four rule-based classifiers as well as five deep learning models) in terms of interpretability and identification performance.
Originality/value
Investigating patterns of phishing websites based on hyperlink indicators using the efficient rule-based approach is innovative. It is not only helpful for identifying phishing websites, but also beneficial for extracting simple and understandable rules.
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In recent years, the focus of the Chinese Government has deviated from economic growth to overall societal balance and harmony. One of the major policy adjustments is to…
Abstract
Purpose
In recent years, the focus of the Chinese Government has deviated from economic growth to overall societal balance and harmony. One of the major policy adjustments is to strengthen the supply of public goods in rural areas and set up the rural cooperative medical system (RCMS) financed by both governments and farmers. The purpose of this paper is to outline the background, recent developments, achievements and problems of the RCMS and help people to understand the RCMS in China.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper adopts a time approach, meaning the paper is organized by initiate background, system framework design, experiment and extension, achievement, problems and discussion about the RCMS development process.
Findings
The Central Government intended to establish a new medical system in rural areas, so that farmers could protect themselves if they got sick. The paper finds that, with the help of the government, farmers have gradually accepted the medical cooperation system. The RCMS has rapidly been extended, and forms a basic medical security net for rural residents. The RCMS has achieved the initial goals of the policy reform: mitigating farmers' financial burden, increasing the number of visits to doctors, and reducing the cost of the RCMS. However, there are still some pending issues such as fund‐raising, monitoring‐efficiency, and medical targets that need to be solved.
Originality/value
This paper is a general review, which provides a brief and general image of the Chinese RCMS and helps people to understand the RCMS in China.
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The purpose of this paper is to examine evolutionary processes of sectoral systems of innovation in China's catch‐up situation.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine evolutionary processes of sectoral systems of innovation in China's catch‐up situation.
Design/methodology/approach
History event analysis method is used. The data that inform this paper come primarily from interviews carried out as a part of case studies of the innovations of China's car industry as well as public sources.
Findings
Market catch‐up of China's self‐owned brand cars expanded from low to high end market segment. Changes of the five building blocks of innovation system of China's car industry have driven the market catch‐up since the 1980s. The five building blocks are: market demand, industrial technology and knowledge base, institutional setting, industrial structure, firms' competences and strategy. China's car industry evolved through exploitation and exploration, which were affected by the five building blocks. The exploitation and exploration shaped the catch‐up way of China's car industry: from production localization to design localization and self‐owned brands. Exploration of the self‐owned brand group built on exploitation of the joint‐venture group.
Research limitations/implications
The findings are based on a single industry. Studies on more industries are needed to generalize the research results.
Practical implications
Increased understanding of how sectoral systems of innovation evolve will give managers and policy makers in the developing countries like China improved opportunities to formulate policies and management practices that can cultivate innovation capabilities in catch‐up.
Originality/value
The paper contributes to the research stream on sectoral systems of innovation by understanding building blocks and evolutionary processes at the base of change and growth in the catch‐up situation.
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Lijian Qin, Suwen Pan, Chenggang Wang and Zhongyi Jiang
The purpose of this paper is to examine the adverse selection in participation in the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (NRCMS), as well as in outpatient and inpatient service…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the adverse selection in participation in the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (NRCMS), as well as in outpatient and inpatient service utilization, in Chaoyang, Beijing, China.
Design/methodology/approach
Probit model is established to test whether the rural Hukou family member in Combined Household (CH) is statistically different from the Pure Rural Household (PRH) in enrollment in NRCMS. Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) model is adopted to examine the difference in the utilization of outpatient and inpatient between the rural Hukou family members in the two kinds of households.
Findings
This paper finds that the rural Hukou family member in CH has more probability to enroll in NRCMS than the counterpart in PRH. In the period of six months, the rural Hukou family member in CH exceeds PRH by 0.73 times in outpatient visit number per capita. The former average spends yuan 157 more in outpatient service and is reimbursed yuan 53 more from NRCMS than the latter. Moreover, on average, rural Hukou family member has no difference in the inpatient service utilization between the two kinds of households in the period of 12 months.
Originality/value
This is the first study to empirically test the adverse selection in China's medical insurance market from the perspective of two different types of households, which are CH and PRH.