This paper presents three models of funding health care in 130 developing countries, based upon a public system, a private system and personal remittances.
Abstract
Purpose
This paper presents three models of funding health care in 130 developing countries, based upon a public system, a private system and personal remittances.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors trace the funding of health from foreign aid to health funding and health outcomes in the public system, foreign direct investment to health funding in the private system, and personal remittances to health outcomes. This is followed by panel data, fixed effects models subjected to 2-, 3- and 4-stage least squares regressions.
Findings
Findings from the first model were that aid in the form of Technical Cooperation Grants funded Infrastructure. Infrastructure Spending due to aid funds Government Health Plans, which reduced the Incidence of Tuberculosis, which in turn reduced Undernourishment and increases Life Expectancy. Other positive health outcomes included reduced Birth Rate and reduced Maternal Mortality. In the second model, Foreign Direct Investment increased Female Employment and GDP per Person, funding Private Health Plans, which increase Life Expectancy, reduced Undernourishment, increased Skilled Care at Birth, increased the Number of Hospital Beds, reduced Maternal Mortality and increased the Birth Rate. In the third model, Remittances influenced both Out-of-Pocket Medical Expenses and Private Plans.
Social implications
Publicly funded programs may be directed to nutrition, increasing life expectancy. Private funding may be directed to improving maternal conditions, with remittances removing the liquidity constraints.
Originality/value
This paper is the first attempt to trace health funding from its sources of foreign aid, foreign direct investment and personal remittances using three separate paths.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to propose a two-degrees-of-freedom wire-driven 4SPS/U rigid‒flexible parallel trunk joint mechanism based on spring, in order to improve the robot’s athletic ability, load capacity and rigidity, and to ensure the coordination of multi-modal motion.
Design/methodology/approach
First, based on the rotation transformation matrix and closed-loop constraint equation of the parallel trunk joint mechanism, the mathematical model of its inverse position solution is constructed. Then, the Jacobian matrix of velocity and acceleration is derived by time derivative method. On this basis, the stiffness matrix of the parallel trunk joint mechanism is derived on the basis of the principle of virtual work and combined with the deformation effect of the rope driving pair and the spring elastic restraint pair. Then, the eigenvalue distribution of the stiffness matrix and the global stiffness performance index are used as the stiffness evaluation index of the mechanism. In addition, the performance index of athletic dexterity is analyzed. Finally, the distribution map of kinematic dexterity and stiffness is drawn in the workspace by numerical simulation, and the influence of the introduced spring on the stiffness distribution of the parallel trunk joint mechanism is compared and analyzed. It is concluded that the stiffness in the specific direction of the parallel trunk joint mechanism can be improved, and the stiffness distribution can be improved by adjusting the spring elastic structure parameters of the rope-driven branch chain.
Findings
Studies have shown that the wire-driven 4SPS/U rigid‒flexible parallel trunk joint mechanism based on spring has a great kinematic dexterity, load-carrying capacity and stiffness performance.
Research limitations/implications
The soft-mixed structure is not mature, and there are few new materials for the soft-mixed mixture; the rope and the rigid structure are driven together with a large amount of friction and hindrance factors, etc.
Practical implications
It ensures that the multi-motion mode hexapod mobile robot can meet the requirement of sufficient different stiffness for different motion postures through the parallel trunk joint mechanism, and it ensures that the multi-motion mode hexapod mobile robot in multi-motion mode can meet the performance requirement of global stiffness change at different pose points of different motion postures through the parallel trunk joint mechanism.
Social implications
The trunk structure is a very critical mechanism for animals. Animals in the movement to achieve smooth climbing, overturning and other different postures, such as centipede, starfish, giant salamander and other multi-legged animals, not only rely on the unique leg mechanism, but also must have a unique trunk joint mechanism. Based on the cooperation of these two mechanisms, the animal can achieve a stable, flexible and flexible variety of motion characteristics. Therefore, the trunk joint mechanism has an important significance for the coordinated movement of the whole body of the multi-sport mode mobile robot (Huang Hu-lin, 2016).
Originality/value
In this paper, based on the idea of combining rigid parallel mechanism with wire-driven mechanism, a trunk mechanism is designed, which is composed of four spring-based wire-driven 4SPS/U rigid‒flexible parallel trunk joint mechanism in series. Its spring-based wire-driven 4SPS/U rigid‒flexible parallel trunk joint mechanism can make the multi-motion mode mobile robot have better load capacity, mobility and stiffness performance (Qi-zhi et al., 2018; Cong-hao et al., 2018), thus improving the environmental adaptability and reliability of the multi-motion mode mobile robot.
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Dianyin Hu, Rongqiao Wang and Zhi Tao
A probabilistic‐based design for turbine disk at high temperature can quantify risk and thus identify areas of possible overdesign (conservatism). Moreover, the need for…
Abstract
Purpose
A probabilistic‐based design for turbine disk at high temperature can quantify risk and thus identify areas of possible overdesign (conservatism). Moreover, the need for cost‐effective designs has resulted in the development of probabilistic design to quantify the effects of these uncertainties so as to improve the reliability of the component. This paper aims to address these issues.
Design/methodology/approach
The flow for probabilistic design established through investigating traditional design methods of the turbine disk at high temperature is divided into the processes of crack initiation and crack growth to find important design inputs at each course, where the probabilistic design criterion has been built based on the deterministic criteria and successful experiences.
Findings
The probabilistic‐based design procedure has been demonstrated by taking the reliability design of crack initiation process for turbine disk as the example. The reliability analysis for the disk life after optimization analysis was completed by considering random parameters reflecting the uncertainties. The results showed there was a margin in design for disk life referred to as the probabilistic criterion. This measure was taken by redesigning the structure to reduce the disk's weight within the range of reliability.
Practical implications
The present study provides a method to design aero‐engine components based on probabilistic design for further research.
Social implications
Moreover, the present study provides a way to design structures based on probabilistic design.
Originality/value
It is proved that probabilistic‐based design could produce a lower weight turbine disk by integrating well‐proved deterministic design methods and tools with probabilistic design techniques while maintaining low failure probability.
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This paper evaluates the level of the digital economy in Chinese cities based on digital industrialization and industrial digitalization. The research focuses on the effects of…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper evaluates the level of the digital economy in Chinese cities based on digital industrialization and industrial digitalization. The research focuses on the effects of spatial mechanism of the urban digital economy on the quality of firms’ exported products.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors use the principal component analysis method to evaluate the level of China’s urban digital economy, and spatial metrology to measure the spatial effects of the digital economy on product quality.
Findings
The findings suggest that the urban digital economy can expand the quality of firms’ exports. The digital economy has spatial dependence, spatial spillover and spatial heterogeneity on product quality. At the same time, the spatial effect has a significant nonlinear effect and threshold effect. Further decomposition shows that industrial digitalization is the core factor of enterprises’ export products quality, and the micro-mechanism of this impact is mainly manifested in optimization of resource allocation.
Originality/value
The innovation of this paper is reflected explicitly in exploring the quality upgrading of export products from the background of the digital economy, providing a reference for the improvement of China’s export trade competitiveness and the cultivation of a trade power. The authors studied two different mechanisms (specialization division of labor and optimization of resource allocation) to explain the spatial imbalance of export product quality to provide empirical support for enterprises and government departments to formulate quality upgrading policies accurately.
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In this chapter, the author explores the principles of responsible management education through the lens of Taoism. This chapter begins by introducing the concepts of…
Abstract
In this chapter, the author explores the principles of responsible management education through the lens of Taoism. This chapter begins by introducing the concepts of knowledge-inquiry and wisdom-inquiry and highlights the differences between the two in the context of management education. The author emphasizes the importance of wisdom-inquiry in management education, arguing that it allows individuals to not only understand and analyze information but also to apply ethical considerations when making decisions. This chapter delves into how to synthesize knowledge and wisdom in education, highlighting the need for a balance between technical skills and ethical awareness in management education. This chapter concludes with an examination of the principles of managing talent by balancing competence and character. The author discusses how to hire for character and train for competence in human resources management and development. This approach involves focusing on developing individuals' character traits, such as integrity, compassion and empathy, in addition to their technical skills. This chapter demonstrates the value of incorporating Taoist principles into management education. When the importance of wisdom-inquiry, balancing competence and character, and developing ethical leaders is emphasized, management education can prepare individuals to navigate the complexities of the modern business landscape while promoting responsible business practices.
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Lingxue Yi, Yichi Jiang and Heng Liu
This study aims to investigate whether and how public air environmental concern (PAEC) affects corporate environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance in emerging markets.
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to investigate whether and how public air environmental concern (PAEC) affects corporate environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance in emerging markets.
Design/methodology/approach
This study measured PAEC using the Baidu index search keyword “雾霾 (PM2.5)” and assessed its impact on corporate ESG among Chinese A-share listed companies from 2011 to 2020 through regression analysis.
Findings
The empirical results indicate a positive relationship between PAEC and corporate ESG. Moreover, PAEC facilitates enhanced corporate ESG performance by mediating through corporate reputation and government environmental regulations. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the promotion effect of PAEC on ESG is more pronounced in the subgroups of companies with an excellent green image, low perceived uncertainty, strong management political connections, low short-termism, high industry technological levels and low pollution levels.
Practical implications
The practical implications of this study underscore the importance for policymakers, investors and companies to prioritize PAEC and its influence on corporate ESG performance.
Originality/value
This study contributes to ESG literature by highlighting the positive impact of external oversight, such as PAEC.
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Fengwen Zhi, Meng Zhang, Shuaijie Zhang, Congyuan Cheng and Tao Shen
This study aims to reveal the factors that drive researchers to share data and to provide reference for promoting open scientific data.
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to reveal the factors that drive researchers to share data and to provide reference for promoting open scientific data.
Design/methodology/approach
Based on the theory of social capital and the theory of planned behaviour, hypotheses were proposed and the model was developed. The authors acquired 479 valid samples of Chinese researchers through questionnaires and conducted an empirical analysis via AMOS 23.0.
Findings
Attitudes towards data sharing are significantly and positively correlated with trust, reciprocity and social interaction, but not with a shared vision; willingness to share data is significantly and positively correlated with attitudes and perceived behavioural control, but not with subjective norms; furthermore, data quality, which performed the function of a moderating variable, was found to play a facilitating role in the above correlations. Based on the findings, suggestions for relevant entities were specified.
Originality/value
The study developed and validated an integrated theoretical framework, clarified the mechanism by which social capital and planned behaviour affect willingness to share data, hoping to provide reference and empirical support for subsequent studies as well as new ideas for data management and sharing.
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Jin-Ping Wang, Jian-Fei Zhang, Zhi-Guo Qu and Wen-Quan Tao
Pressure-based methods have been demonstrated to be powerful for solving many practical problems in engineering. In many pressure-based methods, inner iterative processes are…
Abstract
Purpose
Pressure-based methods have been demonstrated to be powerful for solving many practical problems in engineering. In many pressure-based methods, inner iterative processes are proposed to get efficient solutions. However, the number of inner iterations is set empirically and kept fixed during the whole computation for different problems, which is overestimated in some computations but underestimated in other computations. This paper aims to develop an algorithm with adaptive inner iteration processes for steady and unsteady incompressible flows.
Design/methodology/approach
In this work, with the use of two different criteria in two inner iterative processes, a mechanism is proposed to control inner iteration processes to make the number of inner iterations vary during computing according to different problems. By doing so, adaptive inner iteration processes can be achieved.
Findings
The adaptive inner iterative algorithm is verified to be valid by solving classic steady and unsteady incompressible problems. Results show that the adaptive inner iteration algorithm works more efficient than the fixed inner iteration one.
Originality/value
The algorithm with adaptive inner iteration processes is first proposed in this paper. As the mechanism for controlling inner iteration processes is based on physical meaning and the feature of iterative calculations, it can be used in any methods where there exist inner iteration processes. It is not limited for incompressible flows. The performance of the adaptive inner iteration processes in compressible flows is conducted in a further study.
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Yuanjie Zhi, Dongmei Fu, Tao Yang, Dawei Zhang, Xiaogang Li and Zibo Pei
This study aims to achieve long-term prediction on a specific monotonic data series of atmospheric corrosion rate vs time.
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to achieve long-term prediction on a specific monotonic data series of atmospheric corrosion rate vs time.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper presents a new method, used to the collected corrosion data of carbon steel provided by the China Gateway to Corrosion and Protection, that combines non-linear gray Bernoulli model (NGBM(1,1) with genetic algorithm to attain the purpose of this study.
Findings
Results of the experiments showed that the present study’s method is more accurate than other algorithms. In particular, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and the root mean square error (RMSE) of the proposed method in data sets are 9.15 per cent and 1.23 µm/a, respectively. Furthermore, this study illustrates that model parameter can be used to evaluate the similarity of curve tendency between two carbon steel data sets.
Originality/value
Corrosion data are part of a typical small-sample data set, and these also belong to a gray system because corrosion has a clear outcome and an uncertainly occurrence mechanism. In this work, a new gray forecast model was proposed to achieve the goal of long-term prediction of carbon steel in China.
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Jun Tu, Tao Chen, Zhi Xiong, Xiaochun Song and Songling Huang
The aim of this paper is to better understand the generation and transmission mechanism of the electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT).
Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this paper is to better understand the generation and transmission mechanism of the electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT).
Design/methodology/approach
A semi-analytical method was used to calculate the Lorentz force. Both the hypothetical magnetic field mirror method and the diffusion equation were adopted to solve the eddy current distribution by variables separation method in time domain. A three-dimension magnetostatic finite element model was used to calculate the static magnetic field and the relative permeability. And an experimental platform with a piezoelectric probe to generate and an EMAT to receive, the ultrasonic wave was set up to verify the distribution of the Lorentz force.
Findings
The Lorentz force at different time and in different positions of the steel plate can be easily calculated. The experimental results show a good agreement with the analytical results.
Originality/value
The accurate prediction of the Lorentz force provides an insight into the physical phenomenon of EMAT and a powerful tool to design optimum EMAT.