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According to the fact that the single function transformation which can both reduce the class ratio dispersion and keep the relative error no enlargement after the inverse transformation does not exist, this paper provides the separable binary function transformation F(x(k),k)=f(x(k))⋅g(k). The authors select the appropriate f(x(k)) and g(k) to get F(x(k),k)=f(x(k))⋅g(k). The sequence {F(x(k),k)}k=1n can not only improve the modeling accuracy but also ensure that the inverse transformation relative error has no enlargement.

First of all, to meet that the sequence reduces the class ratio dispersion after binary function transformation, the sufficient and necessary condition of binary function transformation with reduced class ratio dispersion is obtained. Secondly, to meet the condition that the inverse transformation relative error is not enlarged, the necessary condition of separable binary function transformation is obtained respectively for monotonically increasing and monotonically decreasing function f(x). Finally, the feasibility and correctness of this method are illustrated by example analysis and application.

The sufficient and necessary condition of binary function transformation with reduced class ratio dispersion and the necessary condition of separable binary function transformation with the inverse transformation relative error no enlargement.

According to the properties of separable binary function transformation provided in this paper, the grey prediction function model is established, which can improve the modeling accuracy.

This paper provides a binary function transformation, and researches the sufficient and necessary condition of binary function transformation with reduced class ratio dispersion and the necessary condition of separable binary function transformation with the inverse transformation relative error no enlargement. It is easy for scholars to carry out the pretest before selecting the separable binary function transformation. The binary function transformation is the further extension of single function transformation, which broadens and enriches the choice of function transformation.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the necessary condition of the relative error between continuous function transformation after inverse transformation and original sequence is not larger than the relative error between transformed sequence and its corresponding simulation sequence.

First, explore the function transformation feature of after inverse transformation the relative error not enlarged, then combine this feature with the function transformation feature of not enlarge the class ratio dispersion, not reduce the smoothness which author have got, and obtain a kind of special transformation that not enlarge class ratio dispersion, not reduce the smoothness and after inverse transformation keep the relative not enlarged. Meanwhile, offer the concrete form of this special function type to monotone increasing continuous function transformation and monotone decreasing continuous function transformation, respectively, and study its properties.

This paper finds the concise and important feature of monotonically increasing function transformation after inverse transformation whether the relative error enlarge or not is at first, the concise and important feature of monotonically decreasing function transformation after inverse transformation relative error not enlarged is. And find that the ideal function transformation which both reduces class ratio dispersion strictly and keeps error of inverse transformation not enlarged is non-exist for monotone increasing function transformation and monotone decreasing function transformation.

Use the necessary condition given by this paper, it may use to judge whether function transformation can keep relative error of inverse transformation not enlarged by easy data calculation before build modeling, therefore, choose the best function transformation. These results tell the authors: the paper cannot treat any functions as the same that whether the relative error of inverse transformation will not enlarge (or not reduced), but the authors should divide them into two parts to discuss that it will be expanded in some range or be reduced in some range. It will affect the future direction of the research, not to find the function transform both satisfies the class ratio dispersion reduced and keep the relative error of inverse transformation not enlarged, but to study which kind of function transform will narrow class ratio dispersion in some range, after the modeling accuracy improvement, but after the inverse transformation the relative error enlarged, and at this time the simulation accuracy is still higher than the simulation accuracy of original data modeling directly. Which kind of function transform will expand class ratio dispersion in some range, after the modeling accuracy diminution, but after the inverse transformation the relative error not enlarged, and now the simulation accuracy is still higher than the simulation accuracy of original data modeling directly, too.

Let peers no longer spend energy in seeking the function transformation which both reduce class ratio dispersion and keep relative error of inverse transformation not enlarged. At the same time, also remind peers that even if a function transformation reduces class ratio dispersion greatly, the data modeling accuracy improves a lot after transformation, but the error of inverse transformation is may quite large, still. Besides, even if function transformation increases class ratio dispersion, the data modeling accuracy is not good after transformation, the ideal situation after inverse transformation would occur, and the possibility cannot be excluded.

This chapter critically evaluates whether football can attain recognition as a national sport in China. Article No. 11, released by the Chinese government in 2015, aimed to develop a new national strategy centralised on the sport of football to foster consumption and enhance national soft power. Consequently, this also means encouraging Chinese football fans to support the national football team. Comparing the significance of local football clubs and the national football team to Chinese football fans is deemed meaningless and unable to generate useful information to comprehend Chinese people's attitudes towards local and national communities. Through literature comparisons with established Chinese national sports such as Chinese martial arts, badminton and table tennis, the discussion reveals that football currently falls short of meeting the general criteria of invention and popularity to be considered a Chinese national sport. In the specific Chinese context, it also proves that football fails to meet the criterion of politics, hindering its identification as a national sport. Consequently, the chapter rebuts the assumption and advocates for the validity of comparing how fans assess their fandom for local and national football teams.

This paper is concerned with non-fragile robust H_∞ control problems for nonlinear networked control systems (NCSs) with time-varying delay and unknown actuator failures. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

The system parameters are allowed to have time-varying uncertainties and the actuator faults are unknown but whose upper and lower bounds are known. By using some lemmas, uncertainties can be replaces with the known values. By taking the exogenous disturbance and network transmission delay into consideration, a delay nonlinear system model is constructed.

Based on Lyapunov stability theory, linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) and free weighting matrix methods, the sufficient conditions for the existence of the non-fragile robust H_∞ controller gain are derived and which can obtained by solving the LMIs. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

The introduced approach is interesting for NCSs with time-varying delay and unknown actuator failures.

This paper proposes that if a political system is more like to facilitate a unified government, to establish a strong executive body and to respond to the needs of the majority, financial reforms are more likely to emerge from the policymaking process and produce positive results. On the contrary, political systems that discourage those governing features are less likely to produce reforms. This chapter compares financial reform processes in China, Taiwan and New Zealand. All of them performed low level of financial reforms in the early 1980s but resulted in different situations later. In the mid-2000s, New Zealand heralded the most efficient and stable financial system; while Taiwan lagged behind and China performed the worst. Evidence showed that China’s authoritarian system may be the most superior in forming a unified government with a strong executive, but the policy priority often responds more to the interests of a small group of power elites; therefore the result of financial reform can be limited. Taiwan’s presidential system can produce greater financial reform when the ruling party controls both executive and legislative bodies, but legislative obstructions may occur under a divided government. New Zealand's Westminster system produces the most effective and efficient financial reform due to its unified government and a strong executive branch with consistent and stable supports from the New Zealand Parliament.

The purpose of this paper is to study thermal stability, curing kinetics and physico‐chemical properties of polyurethanes systems for application in in‐mould decoration (IMD) ink.

The thermal stability of three Polyurethane (Pu) systems A, B, C were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The kinetic parameters of the curing reaction of Pu system C were calculated using non‐isothermal curing kinetics analysis, including the activation energy Ea, the reaction rate constant K(T), the reaction order n, the initial curing temperature (Ti), the peak temperature (Tp), and the finishing temperature (Tf). Additionally, physico‐chemical properties were also evaluated such as flexibility, impact resistance, pencil hardness, adhesive attraction and solvent resistance.

TGA showed that thermal decomposition temperature T5 (5 wt.% weight loss), T10 (10 wt.% weight loss) and Tend (decomposition termination temperature) of Pu system C was 344°C, 363°C, and 489°C, respectively. T5, T10, Tend increased by 77°C, 61°C, 4°C, respectively, and the char yield at 600°C increased by 25.1 wt.% comparing with Pu system B. Curing kinetics analysis showed that Ea of Pu system C was 62.29 KJ/mol, 65.98 KJ/mol and 65.95 KJ/mol by Kissinger, Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa and Ozawa method, respectively. The order of the curing reaction (n=0.90) demonstrated that it was a complex reaction. Moreover, Pu system C exhibited good physico‐chemical properties. The results showed that Pu system C was suitable to apply into IMD ink.

The TGA analysis, curing kinetics analysis and evaluation of physico‐chemical properties provided a simple and practical solution to study suitable resins for IMD ink application.

IMD ink for heat transfer printing technology is highly efficient, relatively low cost, clean and environmentally safe. It has been widely applied into medical and pharmaceutical products, electronic devices, telecommunication equipment, computer parts, appliance panels, automotive parts, etc.

In this paper, the thermal stability and curing kinetics of Pu for IMD ink are reported for the first time. The paper gives very interesting and important information about thermal stability, curing kinetics and properties of Pu coating system for IMD ink application.

The model of pay-for-knowledge incentivizes individuals with financial rewards for sharing their expertise, facilitating a transactional exchange between knowledge providers (sellers) and seekers (buyers). While this model is effective in promoting paid contributions, its influence on free knowledge exchanges remains ambiguous, creating uncertainty about its overall impact on platform knowledge ecosystems. This study aims to explore the mechanim of how knowledge payment influences free knowledge contribution. Based on relational signaling theory, this study posits that a buyer’s payment for knowledge acts as a positive relational signal in the buyer–seller relationship and examines how the signaling effect varies across different social contexts through attribution theory.

This paper empirically tests the hypotheses by analyzing a data set comprising 630 instances from 359 unique knowledge sellers on Zhihu, a prominent knowledge-sharing platform in China. This paper use zero-inflated negative binomial models to conduct this analysis.

The findings reveal that when buyers pay for knowledge, this action positively influences sellers to contribute knowledge for free. However, the strength of this influence is moderated by the platform’s social functions: appreciation feedback tends to weaken this effect, while social network ties enhance it.

Prior research has predominantly focused on the financial incentives of pay-for-knowledge and its spillover effects on unpaid users’ activities. This study shifts the focus to the social dimensions of pay-for-knowledge, arguing that buyer-initiated knowledge payments signal buyers’ commitment to foster reciprocal relationships with sellers. It expands the literature on the relationship between knowledge payment and contribution, moving beyond financial incentives to include social factors, thus enriching our understanding of the interplay between paid and free knowledge activities. Additionally, the empirical evidence supports the efficacy of pay-for-knowledge in promoting both free and paid contributions within knowledge-sharing platforms.

The purpose of this paper is to provide the historical background of genealogical records and analyze the value of Chinese genealogical research through the study of names and genealogical resources.

The paper examines the historical evolution and value of Chinese genealogical records, with the focus on researching the Islamic Chinese names used by the people living in Guilin. The highlight of this paper includes the analysis and evolution of the Islamic Chinese names commonly adopted by the local people in Guilin. It concludes with the recommendations on emphasizing and making the best use of genealogical records to enhance the research value of Chinese overseas studies.

The paper covers the history of Islam and describes how the religion was introduced into China, as well as Muslims' ethnicity and identity. It also places focus on the importance of building a research collection in Asian history and Chinese genealogy.

This research study has a strong subject focus on Chinese genealogy, Asian history, and Islamic Chinese surnames. It is a narrow field that few researchers have delved into.

The results of this study will assist students, researchers, and the general public in tracing the origin of their surnames and developing their interest in the social and historical value of Chinese local history and genealogies.

The study of Chinese surnames is, by itself, a particular field for researching the social and political implications of contemporary Chinese society during the time the family members lived.

Very little research has been done in the area of Chinese local history and genealogy. The paper would be of value to researchers such as historians, sociologists, ethnologists and archaeologists, as well as students and anyone interested in researching a surname origin, its history and evolution.

Amidst the growing emphasis on privacy protection, this study aims to investigate how online interaction introduced in Lead Generation Ads (LGAs) affects consumers' Self-Disclosure Intention (SDI), particularly in the context of the Chinese advertising market.

This research employs two scenario-based online surveys to analyse in depth the impact of LGAs on consumers' SDI. The first study collects valid feedback from 220 consumers through an online questionnaire to assess the direct effect of perceived interactivity on SDI. The second study, using an experimental design with a sample of 265 participants, further explores the mediating roles of perceived control and perceived vulnerability in the relationship between perceived interactivity and SDI and examines the moderating effect of privacy invasion experience (PIE).

This study reveals the significant and positive influence of perceived interactivity on SDI, with perceived control acting as a mediator that enhances this effect. Conversely, perceived vulnerability weakens the positive impact of perceived interactivity on SDI. Additionally, we explore the moderating role of PIE and find that it significantly influences the relationship between perceived interactivity and SDI. These findings underscore the importance of considering consumer privacy sensitivity, particularly in the design of interactive marketing strategies and within highly interactive advertising environments.

Our research uncovers consumer privacy attitudes and behaviours in the Chinese market, providing insights into its unique dynamics of privacy and information disclosure. However, the geographical and cultural specificity of our study may limit its generalizability. Future studies should expand into various cultural and market contexts, considering the impact of digital technologies on consumer interactions and information disclosure, thereby enhancing the depth and applicability of global marketing strategies.

Advertising platforms should explore online interactive communication methods to enhance consumers' perceived interactions and alleviate privacy concerns. Also, platforms should be designed with system security in mind to prevent the leakage and misuse of consumer data, thus increasing consumers' SDI.

The study provides insights for marketers on designing more effective and privacy-sensitive online advertising strategies in the Chinese market. Understanding the factors influencing consumers’ willingness to share personal information can lead to more effective engagement in digital marketing campaigns.

By integrating interactivity theory with privacy computing theory, this research provides a new perspective on the role of online interaction in consumer privacy protection and information disclosure decisions. The findings not only enrich the theoretical frameworks of interactive marketing and privacy protection but also offer empirical support for marketing practitioners in regard to designing interactive advertising strategies, especially balancing consumer privacy protection with the enhancement of shopping intentions.

Under the new policy framework, the China Government will substantially increase education resources investment. As a result, financial under‐provision of schools will not be the main problem in the near future. However, school efficiency will emerge as the new factor in attracting the attention of the government and the public in China, which is also one of the important fields of Education Economics research.

The authors use Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to evaluate a sample of 58 primary schools in six districts in Beijing, hoping to find the solutions to school efficiency improvement as a result of under‐adequate investment.

In the years to come, the central government of China will continue to enhance transferring payment from the exchequer. The education input will be assured accordingly. However, if schools run under low efficiency, the education resources will not be well used and sustainability of elementary education will not be assured.

In light of the research purpose and the limited data, there has been no in‐depth discussion of the impact of, for example, families' social status, district development disparity, social cultural influence and history context. Obviously, considering more factors which may affect school efficiency will help to find the best solution for the public education sector of government.