The purpose of the paper is to showcase the significant achievements of Egypt's scientists in the 20th century across various fields of study such as medicine, physics, chemistry…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of the paper is to showcase the significant achievements of Egypt's scientists in the 20th century across various fields of study such as medicine, physics, chemistry, biology, math, geology, astronomy and engineering. The paper highlights the struggles and successes of these scientists, as well as the cultural, social and political factors that influenced their lives and work. The aim is to inspire young people to pursue careers in science and make their own contributions to society by presenting these scientists as role models for hard work and dedication. Ultimately, the paper seeks to promote the importance of science and its impact on society.
Design/methodology/approach
The purpose of this review is to present the scientific biographies of Egypt's most distinguished scientists, primarily in the field of Natural Sciences, in a balanced and comprehensive manner. The work is objective, honest and abstract, avoiding any bias or exaggeration. The author provides a clear and concise methodology, including a brief introduction to the scientist and their field of study, an explanation of their major contributions, the impact of their work on society, any challenges or obstacles faced during their career and their lasting legacy. The aim is to showcase the important achievements of these scientists, their impact on their respective fields and to inspire future generations to pursue scientific careers.
Findings
The group of outstanding scientists in 20th century Egypt were shaped by various factors, including familial upbringing, education, society, political and cultural atmosphere and state support for scientific research. These scientists made significant contributions to various academic disciplines, including medicine, physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics and engineering. Their impact on their communities and cultures has received international acclaim, making them role models for future generations of scientists and researchers. The history of these scientists highlights the importance of educational investments and supporting scientific research to foster innovation and social progress. The encyclopedia serves as a useful tool for students, instructors and education professionals, preserving Egypt's scientific heritage and honouring the scientists' outstanding accomplishments.
Research limitations/implications
The encyclopedia preserves Egypt's scientific heritage, which has been overlooked for political or other reasons. It is a useful tool for a variety of readers, including students, instructors and education professionals, and it offers insights into universally relevant scientific success factors as well as scientific research methodologies. The encyclopedia honours the outstanding scientific accomplishments of Egyptian researchers and their contributions to the world's scientific community.
Practical implications
The practical implications of this paper are several. First, it highlights the importance of education, family upbringing and societal support for scientific research in fostering innovation and social progress. Second, it underscores the need for continued funding and support for scientific research to maintain and build upon the accomplishments of past generations of scientists. Third, it encourages young people to pursue scientific careers and make their own contributions to society. Fourth, it preserves the scientific heritage of Egypt and honors the contributions of its outstanding scientists. Finally, it serves as a useful tool for students, instructors and education professionals seeking to understand the factors underlying scientific success and research methodologies.
Social implications
The social implications of the paper include promoting national pride and cultural identity, raising awareness of the importance of education and scientific research in driving social progress, inspiring future generations of scientists and researchers, reducing socioeconomic disparities and emphasizing the role of society, politics and culture in shaping scientific researchers' personalities and interests.
Originality/value
The paper's originality/value lies in its comprehensive documentation of the scientific biographies of Egypt's most prominent scientists in the 20th century, providing unique insights into the factors that contributed to their development and their impact across various academic disciplines. It preserves Egypt's scientific heritage and inspires future generations of scientists and researchers through the promotion of educational investments and scientific research. The encyclopedia serves as a useful tool for education professionals seeking to understand scientific success factors and research methodologies, emphasizing the importance of supportive and inclusive environments for scientific development.
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Nasser Zaky, Mohamed Zaky Ahmed, Ali Alarjani and El-Awady Attia
This study aims to improve the market competitiveness of iron and steel manufacturers in developing countries by reducing their production costs.
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to improve the market competitiveness of iron and steel manufacturers in developing countries by reducing their production costs.
Design/methodology/approach
The research methodology relies on a case study-based approach. The study relies on six steps. The first is the preparation, then the five steps of the six-sigma – define, measure, analyze, improve, control. The qualitative and quantitative data were considered. The qualitative analysis relies on the experts’ judgment of internal status. The quantitative analysis uses the job floor data from three iron and steel manufacturers. After collecting, screening and analyzing the data, the root causes of the different wastes were identified that increase production costs. Consequently, lean manufacturing principles and tools are identified and prioritized using the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory method, and then implemented to reduce the different types of waste.
Findings
The main wastes are related to inventory, time, quality and workforce. The lean tools were proposed with the implementation plan for the discovered root causes. The performance was monitored during and after the implementation of the lean initiatives in one of the three companies. The obtained results showed an increase in some performance indicators such as throughput (70.6%), revenue from by-products (459%), inventory turnover (54%), operation availability (45%), and plant availability (41%). On the other hand, results showed a decrease of time delay (78%), man-hour/ton (52.4%) and downgraded products (63.3%).
Practical implications
The current case study findings can be utilized by Iron and Steel factories at the developing countries. In addition, the proposed lean implementation methodology can be adopted for any other industries.
Social implications
The current work introduces an original and practical road map to implement the lean six-sigma body of knowledge in the iron and steel manufacturers.
Originality/value
This work introduces an effective and practical case study-based approach to implementing the lean six-sigma body of knowledge in the iron and steel manufacturers in one of the underdevelopment countries. The consideration of the opinion of the different engineers from different sectors shows significant identification of the major problems in the manufacturing and utility sectors that lead to significant performance improvement after solving them.
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Ahmed Zaky, Hassan Mohamed and Gunjan Saxena
This study aims to conceptualise the panic buying behaviour of consumers in the UK during the novel COVID-19 crisis, using the assemblage approach as it is non-deterministic and…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to conceptualise the panic buying behaviour of consumers in the UK during the novel COVID-19 crisis, using the assemblage approach as it is non-deterministic and relational and affords new ways of understanding the phenomenon.
Design/methodology/approach
The study undertakes a digital ethnography approach and content analysis of Twitter data. A total of 6,803 valid tweets were collected over the period when panic buying was at its peak at the beginning of the first lockdown in March 2020.
Findings
The panic buying phase was a radical departure from the existing linguistic, discursive, symbolic and semiotic structures that define routine consumer behaviour. The authors suggest that the panic buying behaviour is best understood as a constant state of becoming, whereby stockpiling, food waste and a surge in cooking at home emerged as significant contributors to positive consumer sentiments.
Research limitations/implications
The authors offer unique insights into the phenomenon of panic buying by considering DeLanda’s assemblage theory. This work will inform future research associated with new social meanings of products, particularly those that may have been (re)shaped during the COVID-19 crisis.
Practical implications
The study offers insights for practitioners and retailers to lessen the intensity of consumers’ panic buying behaviour in anticipation of a crisis and for successful crisis management.
Originality/value
Panic buying took on a somewhat carnivalesque hue as consumers transitioned to what we consider to be atypical modes of purchasing that remain under-theorised in marketing. Using the conceptual lenses of assemblage, the authors map bifurcations that the panic buyers’ assemblages articulated via material and immaterial bodies.
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Umar Habibu Umar, Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh Al-Faryan and Ahmed Zakaria Zaki Osemy
This study investigated how the financial expertise of the board of directors, risk management committee (RMC), audit committee (AC) and Shariá Supervisory Board (SSB) influences…
Abstract
Purpose
This study investigated how the financial expertise of the board of directors, risk management committee (RMC), audit committee (AC) and Shariá Supervisory Board (SSB) influences the risk-taking of Islamic banks.
Design/methodology/approach
The study utilized unbalanced panel data for a sample of 43 full-fledged Islamic banks from 15 countries over 12 years (2010–2021). We employed feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) and heteroskedastic panels corrected standard errors (HPCSE) regression regressions as the primary estimation methods and used a two-step system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator for robustness checks.
Findings
The results indicate that board financial expertise decreases insolvency and credit risks. Similarly, AC financial expertise and SSB financial expertise reduce insolvency and portfolio risks but increase credit risk. In contrast, RMC financial expertise raises insolvency risk. The remaining relationships are statistically insignificant.
Research limitations/implications
Due to the lack of disclosure regarding the educational and professional background of the board and committee members in the annual reports of some Islamic banks, this research used a sample of only 43 full-fledged Islamic banks operating in fifteen countries from 2010 to 2021.
Practical implications
The findings can assist both local and international regulators in revising corporate governance codes and risk management guidelines in such a way as to ensure that the financial experts appointed to the board, AC, RMC and SSB, are capable of controlling excessive risk-taking behavior in Islamic banks.
Originality/value
This study contributes to the literature by providing comprehensive empirical evidence that corporate governance financial expertise influences the risk-taking behavior of Islamic banks.
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Reham Reda, Mohamed Saad, Mohamed Zaky Ahmed and Hoda Abd-Elkader
This paper aims to monitor, evaluate and adjust the joint quality of dissimilar friction stir welded AA2024-T3 and AA7075-T6 Al alloys.
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to monitor, evaluate and adjust the joint quality of dissimilar friction stir welded AA2024-T3 and AA7075-T6 Al alloys.
Design/methodology/approach
Taguchi analysis for design of experiments and ANOVA analysis were applied. Tensile test, visual inspection and macro and microstructure investigations were carried out at each welding condition. In addition, the grain size of stir zone and the value of heat input were measured.
Findings
Using Taguchi analysis, the optimum values of tool rotary speed, welding speed and axial load were 1,200 rpm, 100 mm/min and 1,300 kg, respectively, yielding the maximum tensile strength of the joints of 427 MPa. ANOVA analysis indicated that the most significant parameter on the joint strength is the tool rotary speed, followed by welding speed and axial load, with contributions of 67, 27 and 2 per cent, respectively. Best mixing between Al alloys in the stir zone with no defects was observed at moderate speeds because of proper heat input and grain size, resulting in high strength.
Originality/value
A relation between structure characteristics of the joint, the process parameters and the joint strength was established to control the joint quality.
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Mahmoud M.A. Eid and Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed
The purpose of this study aims to simulate the long-period fiber grating sensor pulse peak position against the transmission range. The long-period fiber grating sensor pulse peak…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study aims to simulate the long-period fiber grating sensor pulse peak position against the transmission range. The long-period fiber grating sensor pulse peak position against the transmission range is simulated clearly where the pulse peak value at zero position is 0.972655 with the ripple factor of unity. It is demonstrated that the long-period fiber grating sensor bandwidth can be estimated to be 50 µm. Wavelength shift of the long-period grating sensor (LPGS) is reported against grating wavelength, applied temperatures and applied micro strain.
Design/methodology/approach
This work has reported the numerical simulation of LPGS transmission spectrum behavior characteristics under the strain and temperature effects by using OptiGrating simulation software. The sensor fabrication material is silica-doped germanium. The transmittivity/reflectivity and input spectrum pulse intensity of long-period Bragg sensor variations are simulated against the grating wavelength variations. Input/output pulse intensity of LPGS variations is simulated against the timespan variations with the Gaussian input pulse from 100 to 500 km link length.
Findings
Temperature variation and strain variation of the LPGS are outlined against both applied temperatures and micro-strain variations at the central grating wavelength of 1,550 nm.
Originality/value
It is demonstrated that the long period fiber grating sensor bandwidth can be estimated to be 50 µm. Wavelength shift of the long period grating sensor is reported against both grating wavelength, applied temperatures and applied micro strain. Temperature variation and strain variation of the long period grating sensor are outlined against both applied temperatures and micro strain variations at the central grating wavelength of 1550 nm.
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Zaki Ahmed and H. Meißner
In order to evaluate the suitability of aluminium alloys for engineering applications in Arabian Gulf Water a joint corrosion research program between the University of Petroleum…
Abstract
In order to evaluate the suitability of aluminium alloys for engineering applications in Arabian Gulf Water a joint corrosion research program between the University of Petroleum & Minerals (UPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia and OFZS, Austria, was initiated in 1978. Considerable interest in aluminium and its alloys, particularly 5000 series, for marine applications has been shown in recent years. Aluminium alloys having low copper and zinc contents and alloys containing Mg have shown good application potentials in marine environments. Recent attempts to improve the corrosion resistance of AI‐Mg alloys by alloy modifications and optimising the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties have met with some success. Several records obtained from OTEC heat exchangers and Aluminium Association desalination plants show promising application potentials of aluminium and certain aluminium alloys. In view of the rapid growth of desalination technology in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia a great demand has been placed on the understanding of the corrosion behaviour of important engineering materials in local environments, and the need for development of alternate materials. A field test rig was therefore built in co‐operation with CFZS, Austria and installed at the UPM (Dhahran, Saudi Arabia) beach in 1978 for long term corrosion testing. This paper describes the results of a joint test program on the corrosion of aluminium and selected aluminium alloys in Arabian Gulf Water obtained from test rig, and laboratory studies.
The purpose of this paper is to draw a map of the general features of epistemological and critical concerns in contemporary Islamic philosophy. This study will not be confined to…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to draw a map of the general features of epistemological and critical concerns in contemporary Islamic philosophy. This study will not be confined to the domain of academic philosophy or to those who are professionals in the field of philosophy.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper adopted the critical rational approach in dealing with contemporary Islamic philosophy in the Arab world. The scope will include scholars from different fields of epistemology who tried to present a “vision” of the attitude that should be adopted in facing the challenges of the age and the problems of the nation on the epistemological level or the political, economic and social levels.
Findings
There is a need for a philosophy of action and progress rather than a philosophy that is based on abstract ideas and theories and of words/rhetoric. The ethics required to accomplish this ought to identify the attributes of the citizen who can reach self-actualization through legitimate means based on a progress agenda with theoretical and philosophical foundations.
Research limitations/implications
Because a critical rational approach can be dealt with from different perspectives, this paper will adopt the classification of the principal intellectual trends: the reformist, secular and liberal.
Practical implications
This paper covers a long time span to determine whether the philosophical projects have been effective.
Originality/value
This paper, which criticizes the philosophic projects that are theoretically unsound and that do not address real social problems (like poverty), argues the need for a philosophy of progress and action. This will lead to devising an agenda that addresses the challenges the society is facing and to finding alternative and creative solutions resulting in development.
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Velocity Velocity affects the kinetics of the dissolution of the protective film mainly. After the velocity has reached a critical level it may cause dissolution by erosion. Jet…
Abstract
Velocity Velocity affects the kinetics of the dissolution of the protective film mainly. After the velocity has reached a critical level it may cause dissolution by erosion. Jet impingement tests have been devised to check the susceptibility of various materials to velocity. The corrosion of aluminium depends to a large degree on the sea water velocity. The corrosion rates of various materials in synthetic sea water having velocities from 2 to 16 m/sec at 20°C‐have been measured and with increased velocity the rate of corrosion was found to have increased and aluminium is not too much of an exception. About 2.3 m/s is the conventional agreed figure for aluminium and most users agree with it.