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Article
Publication date: 12 March 2019

L. Sulaiman, Z.H.Z. Abidin, S.A.M. Yunus, N.A. Mazni, A.N. Hadi, A.K. Arof and K. Simarani

This paper aims to discuss about the benefits of Cu(NO3)2 applied in coating paint film that consists of plant extract from Cassia Alata. Cu(NO3)2 has been added to the coating…

205

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to discuss about the benefits of Cu(NO3)2 applied in coating paint film that consists of plant extract from Cassia Alata. Cu(NO3)2 has been added to the coating paint film as a colour stabilizer and as an antifungal property by forming a zone of inhibition towards fungal growth.

Design/methodology/approach

The coating paint film resin consists of a mixture of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and acrylic polyol. The coating paint film’s performances were observed in terms of visible optical and physical appearance.

Findings

When exposed to the fungus Trichoderma Sp., a zone of inhibition of 208 mm2 was formed around the coating paint film and therefore it gave the coating paint films an antifungal property. The commission internationale de l’éclairage (CIE) L*a*b* colour coordinate system was used to identify the colour changes in the coating paint film and it was found that the addition of Cu(NO3)2 to the coating paint film has a better colour stability, as it has a lower standard deviation (STD) value of 6.46 than the pure dye coating paint film of 8.95. The gloss of coating paint film with the addition of Cu(NO3)2 was found to be have a more stable gloss based on its smaller STD value at both angles taken at 20° and 60°.

Research limitations/implications

The Cassia Alata plant has different amount of antifungal properties based on location its growth.

Practical implications

The coating paint film developed in this study is suitable for indoor applications.

Originality/value

The plant extract from the Cassia Alata gives the coating paint film an antifungal property.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 50 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 3 May 2016

R. Usop, Z.H.Z Abidin, N.A. Mazni, A.N. Hadi, N.A. Halim, R.M. Taha, M.A. Careem, S.R. Majid and A.K. Arof

This paper aims to study the colour stability of chlorophyll and the effect of copper (II) nitrate – Cu(NO3)2 – as an additive in natural dye coating films after being exposed to…

291

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to study the colour stability of chlorophyll and the effect of copper (II) nitrate – Cu(NO3)2 – as an additive in natural dye coating films after being exposed to ultraviolet-A (UV-A).

Design/methodology/approach

The natural dye was extracted from the leaves of Cassia alata L. using absolute ethanol as the solvent. The extract was divided into two parts and, one of it was added with 3 wt.% Cu(NO3)2 as an additive. The polymer blend of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and acrylic polyol was used as the coating binder. Both parts of the dye with and without additive were mixed with the blended polymer in a specific ratio. The resulted mixtures were applied as coating films on glass substrates. The colour stability of the coating films on exposure to UV-A with the time of exposure was observed with Commission internationale de l’éclairage (CIE) L*a*b* colour coordinates. The hidden power by the means of reflectivity and glossiness of the coatings was also studied. Statistical standard deviation (STD) was used to analyse the data.

Findings

The test showed that the coating films containing Cu(NO3)2 had smaller colour differences, (ΔE*) indicating higher colour stability. The analysis on hidden power also showed that the coating film with Cu(NO3)2 was 1.6 times more stable than the film without additive. All the measurements in this study were observed within 35 days of duration.

Research limitations/implications

This paper implies the potential of using natural dye extracted from Cassia alata L. leaves as a stable dye colourant for coating applications.

Practical implications

The coating film developed in this study is suitable for glass substrate applications.

Originality/value

A new method of preparing solvent-based coating film from PMMA–acrylic polyol with chlorophyll colourant is introduced in this study.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 45 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 18 October 2018

R. Usop, L. Sulaiman, N.A. Mazni, N.S.A. Manah, N. Anuar, A.K. Arof and Z.H.Z. Abidin

The purpose of this paper is to study the colour stability and water content resistivity of the green colour coating paint film (consisting of chlorophyll) during exposure to…

96

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the colour stability and water content resistivity of the green colour coating paint film (consisting of chlorophyll) during exposure to ultraviolet A (UV-A).

Design/methodology/approach

The natural green dye was prepared by immersing Cassia alata L. leaves in absolute ethanol. The extract was prepared in two batches of dye samples where one of it was a pure dye and the other was added with 3 Wt. % Cu(NO3)2 as an additive. Polymer blend as a binder was prepared by mixing poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and commercial acrylic polyol. The blended polymer was mixed with the natural dye in a specific ratio and applied as coating paint film on glass panel surfaces. The visible spectrum stability (colour stability) and water content resistivity of the coating paint films during exposure to UV-A were monitored.

Findings

Addition of Cu(NO3)2 had improved the colour stability of the coating paint film. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that both coating paint films do not absorb water and are resistive to water content.

Research limitations/implications

The ability of Cu(NO3)2 as an colour stability additive to the natural green dye applied in the coating paint film.

Practical implications

The coating paint film developed in this work is suitable to be applied on glass substrates.

Originality/value

The colour stability of the coating paint film was analysed by using the reflectance spectrum.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 47 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 9 May 2019

Z.H.Z. Abidin, N.S.A. Manah, A.N. Hadi, N.S. Saugi, F.A. Fuad, N.A. Mazni, H.C. Hassan, M.A. Careem and A.K. Arof

This paper aims to focus on a comparison study of the visible stability of natural blue dye consisting anthocyanin molecules extracted from Clitoria ternatea in coating films.

170

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to focus on a comparison study of the visible stability of natural blue dye consisting anthocyanin molecules extracted from Clitoria ternatea in coating films.

Design/methodology/approach

The coating films were prepared by mixing the blue dye with poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) in three different weight ratios. Samples were coded as 10PBA, 15PBA and 20PBA, where PBA is the abbreviation for poly acrylamide-co-acrylic acid, blue dyes and anthocyanin. The number at the beginning of each code represents the weight percentage of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) to natural blue dye. The mixtures were applied on separate glass substrates to form coating films. Another set of samples were prepared for the comparison study with a commercial acrylic clear coat (cc) applied on the surface of the 10PBA, 15PBA and 20PBA coating films. These coating films were coded 10PBAcc, 15PBAcc and 20PBAcc. The purpose of the clear coat is to observe how it affects the colour stability of the blue coating films with respect to time. All samples were exposed to the ultraviolet (UV) source, an 18 W Philips TL-D 18w/830 UV fluorescent lamp. The UV lamp was placed 15 cm above the surface of the samples for 35 days. The colour of the coatings was measured using CIE L*a*b* colour space coordinate.

Findings

The results obtained show 10PBA and 10PBAcc have the highest colour stability after 35 days of exposure to UV light. The reflectivity of the coating films was also measured during exposure to UV lamp. Reflectivity measurements also showed that 10PBA and 10PBAcc coating films had the highest reflective stabilities.

Research limitations/implications

The potential of using natural blue dye consisting anthocyanin in coating film to obtain high colour stability.

Practical implications

The coating film developed in this work is suitable to be applied on glass substrates.

Originality/value

The application of anthocyanin dye extracted from the Clitoria ternatea L. as a colourant in coating films

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 48 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 15 March 2013

S.V. Lee, B. Vengadaesvaran, A.K. Arof and Z.H.Z. Abidin

The purpose of this paper is to develop a new water based coating system composed of poly(acrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) and anthocyanin colourant extracted from Hibiscus sabdariffa

403

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a new water based coating system composed of poly(acrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) and anthocyanin colourant extracted from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. and characterise the system.

Design/methodology/approach

Anthocyanin from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (roselle) calyxes was extracted using optimised water extraction method with ratio of calyxes to water being 1:2. UV‐Vis absorption spectroscopy was conducted on the anthocyanin extract to monitor its degradation. Poly(acrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) was mixed with the extracted anthocyanin solution in two different weight ratios. The mixtures were coated on glass substrate and let to cure for approximately one day. FTIR spectroscopy was conducted on the samples to determine their functional groups and identify the compounds in the samples. Cross hatch test was performed on the samples to determine the adhesion properties. Thermal degradation of the samples was determined through thermogravimetric analysis. Surface roughness of the samples was studied by atomic force microscopy. Colour stability was determined before and after UV irradiation.

Findings

Anthocyanin pigment from roselle extracted with water was found to be stable with 6.0 per cent drop in absorbance value over the 15 day period. The reaction rate was found to be 0.000181 h−1, and the half life was calculated to be 3,850 hours. Better adhesion of the samples to the glass substrate was due to the higher concentration of poly(acrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid). Thermogravimetric analysis revealed similar thermal stability of the samples. Surface roughness study revealed that sample with higher anthocyanin content has higher surface roughness. Colour stability of the 20PBR was found to be better than 10PBR.

Research limitations/implications

Usage of poly(acrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) as coating is limited by its weak water resistance property. Improvement could be made in this direction for future applications.

Practical implications

Mixture of water‐based polymer and anthocyanin colourant from roselle has been developed into coating for the first time. Commercialisation is possible if more research is conducted towards water resistance property of poly(acrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid), storage condition for the pigment and coating, and mass production of the pigment.

Originality/value

Incorporation of anthocyanin pigment into water based coating is the first of its kind.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 42 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 15 March 2013

Z.H.Z. Abidin, N.N. Naziron, K.M. Nasir, M.S. Rusli, S.V. Lee, M.Z. Kufian, S.R. Majid, B. Vengadaesvaran, A.K. Arof, R.M. Taha and R. Yahya

The purpose of this work is to investigate the influence of curcumin dye natural colorant on adhesion, mechanical, thermal and electrochemical properties of blend poly (methyl…

444

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this work is to investigate the influence of curcumin dye natural colorant on adhesion, mechanical, thermal and electrochemical properties of blend poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) – acrylic polyol.

Design/methodology/approach

Extracted curcumin yellow dye colorant from Curcuma Demostica was mixed with PMMA‐acrylic polyol blended polymer in the volume ratios of 9:1, 8:2 and 7:3. The mixtures were applied on pre‐treated cold‐roll mild steel panels. All of the paint coating samples were subjected to potential time measurement (PTM), rapid impact deformation, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), cross hatch and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) tests.

Findings

The addition of curcumin dye colorant was able to improve the adhesion, flexibilities and resistance against electrolytes penetration of the blended poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) – acrylic polyol polymer paint system. Cross hatch test studies showed that high amount of curcumin dye colorant (AP30 paint system) had the lowest peel‐off coating area from the substrate. The FTIR test had confirmed the high concentration of hydroxyl group in the AP30 sample. The hydroxyl group was able to promote hydrogen bonding between coating substrate interface. The AP30 sample had the highest coating flexibilities when tested with rapid impact test. This was due to the lowest glass transition value Tg which indicated lowest cross linking density in the coating molecules structure. In the PTM test, AP30 paint system had shown the highest rate electrolytes penetration within the AP sample.

Research limitations/implications

The composition of curcumin dye colorant in the polymer blend is limited from 10 percent to 30 percent pigment volume concentration. Increasing the amount of lawsone pigment will result inhomogeneous mixtures.

Originality/value

The AP paint system is suitable for interior applications. This paint system has to be mixed with suitable additive materials to improve its performance for exterior purpose.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 42 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 2 March 2015

S.V. Lee, A.N. Hadi, Z.H.Z. Zainal Abidin, N.A. Mazni, N.A. Halim, R. Usop, H.C. Hassan, S.R. Majid and A.K. Arof

The purpose of this paper is to observe the colour and thermal stability of natural red dye consisting of anthocyanin with addition of different aqueous acids and applied as…

330

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to observe the colour and thermal stability of natural red dye consisting of anthocyanin with addition of different aqueous acids and applied as coating films.

Design/methodology/approach

The natural red dye was extracted from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (roselle) flowers and mixed with 1 per cent hydrochloric acid, 5 per cent acetic acid, 5 per cent citric acid and 5 per cent oxalic acid. All the dye samples were exposed to heat and UV-B to observe the colour stability by calculating the half-life and rate of reaction. In coating film application, each of the dye samples was mixed with 25 wt% of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and applied on to a glass substrate. The coating samples’ colour stability was observed by using CIE L*a*b* colour space coordinates. The coating films’ weight loss stability against temperature was observed by using thermogravimetric analysis.

Findings

Addition of hydrochloric acid enhances the thermal and UV stability of the anthocyanin natural dye. This can be observed from the calculation of the half-life of the dye. The half-life values for the thermal and UV stability studies were 1,155 hours and 210 hours, respectively. In coating films, the sample with addition of acetic acid showed the highest colour stability with colour difference (ΔE*) value 8.95.

Research limitations/implications

The coating films developed in this work are not suitable to be applied on metal substrates due to the presence of water, which can contribute to the corrosion formation.

Practical implications

The coating films developed in this work are suitable for washable coating application. In other words, they are non-permanent coatings applied on a glass substrate.

Originality/value

Development of water-based coatings from PVA binder with anthocyanin colourant is introduced in this study.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 44 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 15 March 2013

S.V. Lee, N.A. Halim, A.K. Arof and Z.H.Z. Abidin

The purpose of this paper is to develop a new water‐based coating system composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) and anthocyanin colourant extracted from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. and to…

358

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a new water‐based coating system composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) and anthocyanin colourant extracted from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. and to characterise the system.

Design/methodology/approach

Anthocyanin from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (roselle) calyxes was extracted by using distilled water and filtered to remove insoluble particle. Salts introduced into the extract were 5wt percent calcium nitrate, 5wt percent magnesium nitrate, and 5wt percent zinc nitrate. The solution was mixed with poly(vinyl alcohol) in ratio of 3:1. The mixtures were coated on glass substrate and allowed to cure for approximately one day. Colour of the extract systems was determined by CIELab colourimetry. FTIR spectroscopy was conducted on the samples to identify their functional groups and changes upon addition of salt. Thermal stability was assessed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed to measure the glass transition temperature Tg of the samples. XRD was employed to determine the amorphous properties of the coating samples.

Findings

From FTIR spectroscopy, shifting in the OH stretching and CH2 bending bands was attributed to hydrogen bonds formation between PVA and nitrate salt. Shifting in the main decomposition step in samples with addition of nitrate salts in TGA was due to interaction of PVA and nitrate. Increase in glass transition temperature of samples with salts was attributed to the formation of hydrogen bonding. From XRD study, increase in the amorphous properties was due to the incorporation of nitrate salts into PVA coating.

Research limitations/implications

Limitation of implementating poly(vinyl alcohol) as coating is caused by its weak water resistance and hydrophilic properties. This study could bring about research towards incorporation of different natural colourant with different binder materials to form coatings which are environmental‐friendly and low cost.

Practical implications

Mixture of PVA and anthocyanin colourant from roselle for use as coating has been developed. The coating can find usage in various applications such as coloured coating for furniture and wooden materials for decorative purposes, biodegradable design materials for interior purposes. It can be practically applied on a variety of substrates such as glass and wood.

Originality/value

Development of water‐based coating from PVA binder with anthocyanin colourant is introduced in this study.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 42 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

Keywords

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Article
Publication date: 15 March 2013

K.M. Nasir, N.A. Halim, H.A. Tajuddin, A.K. Arof and Z.H.Z. Abidin

The aim of this paper is to describe the preparation and characterisation of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) (Mw: 996,000) and dammar mixtures to obtain a new series of natural…

301

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to describe the preparation and characterisation of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) (Mw: 996,000) and dammar mixtures to obtain a new series of natural coating materials for application on mild steel substrates. Dammar is a natural resin extracted from Dipterocarpus Grandiflorus sp., or kruing trees, which grow mainly in the tropical Asia Pacific forest.

Design/methodology/approach

Natural dammar resin was mixed with PMMA at different weight percentages in xylene as a solvent and dammar as dominant component. The mixtures were applied on mild steel Q‐panels to form dry coating films. The coating films were investigated under Attenuated Total Reflection‐Fourier Transforms Infrared (ATR‐FTIR) technique to observe the presence of functional groups from PMMA and dammar. Resistivity of coating films against corrosive agents from electrolytes was measured by using potential time measurement (PTM) technique. ASTM D3359 (cross‐hatch) technique was used to measure the coating film adhesion strength on the substrate. The entire tests were conducted at 28°C.

Findings

Natural dammar resins is potentially applicable for coating on cold rolled mild steel Q‐panel when mixed with PMMA. Blended dammar resin with PMMA in 5:5 ratio (coded as DP50) was found to give the highest energy of rapid impact indenter. Cross‐hatch test under ASTM D3359 revealed that 50 percent w/w of dammar in PMMA had increased the adhesion strength of the coating film where there was no coating area peeling off from the substrate after the test. DP50 also had the longest time to resist penetration of electrolytes through the coating film when immersed in salt water.

Research limitations/implications

Decreasing the amount of dammar lower than 50 percent weight ratio with PMMA will cause high viscosity and inhomogeneous mixtures.

Originality/value

Natural dammar resin mixed with PMMA (behaviour naturally in free standing film) for coating paint application was formulated.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 42 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 15 March 2013

Z.H.Z. Abidin, K.M. Nasir, S.K.M. Jamari, N. Saidon, S.V. Lee, N.A. Halim and R. Yahya

The purpose of this work is to investigate the correlation characteristics in mechanical, thermal and optical properties of PMMA‐acrylic polyol polymer blends mixed with lawsone…

367

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this work is to investigate the correlation characteristics in mechanical, thermal and optical properties of PMMA‐acrylic polyol polymer blends mixed with lawsone natural dye for coating paint application.

Design/methodology/approach

Natural brownish dye colorant was extracted from Lawsonia Inermis leaves used as a dye colorant in this paint coating system by using ethanol as the solvent. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), blended with acrylic polyol was used as the binder system. The ratio of PMMA to acrylic polyol was varied with PMMA dominance. The dye colorant was fixed at 10 wt percent.

Findings

The potential time measurement tests showed that the dye colorant paint system with 10 wt percent of acrylic polyol has the highest coating resistance against electrolyte penetration. The dye colorant paint system with 30 wt percent acrylic polyol performed better in mechanical tests such as cross‐hatch and impact resistance. The dye colorant paint system molecular crosslinks were analysed by using the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy.

Research limitations/implications

The ratio of lawsone dye colorant in the polymer blends is found limited to 10 percent. Increasing in the percentage of lawsone dye colorant will cause inhomogeneity in coating paint sample.

Originality/value

A new formulation of natural dye colorant paint system with 10 percent wt dye volume concentration of lawsone as pigment was obtained.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 42 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

Keywords

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