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The main purpose of this study is to identify the dimensions of hotel employees’ job risk perceptions and develop a measurement scale for this construct.

Four studies using a mixed-method design were conducted to develop and validate the scale of hotel employees’ perceived job risk (HEPJR). Study 1 identified the dimensions and initial items of HEPJR through a literature review and in-depth interviews. In Study 2, an explanatory factor analysis was perform to refine the preliminary items. Study 3 further refined the HEPJR scale through a confirmatory factor analysis. Study 4 confirmed that HEPJR is a 19-item scale through a cross-validation analysis.

A reliable and valid scale was developed to measure the following five dimensions of HEPJR: perceived human, equipment, internal environment, external environment and management risks. HEPJR and its dimensions significantly predict negative safety consequences and negative job satisfaction.

Employees in medium- and high-star-rated hotels in China were surveyed. Future research should test the HEPJR scale in other types of lodging formats (e.g. budget hotels, homestays and cruise ships) and different countries or regions.

Given the increasingly serious job risks faced by hotel employees, the HEPJR scale can become a benchmark for job risk identification, accident prevention and safety management.

This scale provides a clear conceptualization and an appropriate measurement tool of HEPJR from a risk-source perspective.

A firm will seek an optimal balance between internal R&D and technology outsourcing when formulating its innovation strategy. This paper aims to provide a review of the determinants of firm's innovation strategy, and performs an empirical study on a sample from Chinese high‐tech industry, with the purpose of identifying two aspects of the issue: the choice patterns of Chinese firms over innovation strategy, and the innovation effect elasticity of different strategies.

The development of a multiple regression model supported by data from industry level and a statistic analysis.

Outsourcing is the major innovation strategy adopted by most Chinese high‐tech firms, especially technology import, which implies the imperfection of Chinese innovation service system. The empirical analysis also indicates the insufficiency of internal R&D expenditure and the weakness of absorptive capacity in Chinese high‐tech firms. Although, Chinese high‐tech firms prefer the outsourcing strategy in their innovation, the contribution of outsourcing is much smaller than that of internal R&D. When expenditures are increased by the same rate, the innovation output form internal R&D is twice the output of outsourcing. For improving Chinese firms' innovation efficiency, the reform of innovation service system is needed on the macro‐level, while on the micro‐level, it calls for firms to readjust their innovation strategy portfolio.

This paper will make up for the deficiency in current researches on innovation, which often apply firm samples in developed countries, and lack evidences from firm samples in developing countries. In addition, it will provide the decision‐making basis for Chinese Government's current actions in constructing and improving China's innovation service system.

The purpose of this paper is research the relationship between size of government and FDI inflows of the host country, and provide a strategies.

Adopting the fixed effect model of panel data, this paper uses related observations from 81 countries between 2002 and 2006 to analyze the impacts of government size (measured by score of government size) on FDI inflows.

The results show that the enlargement of government size has a positive effect on FDI inflows, and the effect is much more significant in developing countries.

There is no previous research concerning the impacts of size of government on FDI inflows. Through the investigation, the paper finds the relation between government size and FDI inflows and provides much valuable information.

This research investigates when and why lower-level leaders counteract interactional injustice after experiencing injustice from their superiors.

Two scenario-based studies were employed to test the hypotheses.

The enactment of injustice by higher-level leaders was found to increase psychological disidentification among lower-level leaders, prompting them to exhibit higher levels of interactional justice, particularly in contexts where justice is seldom rewarded.

This paper extends trickle-down effects research by demonstrating how reactance can interrupt the transmission of injustice from higher-level leaders, suggesting that a reactance-provoking environment can motivate lower-level leaders to act more justly.

Organizations can mitigate the spread of injustice by enhancing middle-level leaders’ awareness of unjust behaviors and fostering a leadership self-concept that emphasizes interactional justice.

This paper clarifies the reversal of the trickle-down process of interactional injustice, contributing to the literature on trickle-down effects and interactional justice.

Based on self-verification theory, this study examines the impact of authentic leadership on employee expediency in China. Specifically, the authors investigate the mediating effects of self-verification striving on this relationship, as well as the moderating effects of leader–member exchange.

The authors surveyed 502 employees and their direct supervisors from 96 work units in one Chinese province and utilized multi-level path analysis to test a model of moderated mediation.

The study analysis results suggest that authentic leadership significantly contributes to reducing employee expediency in the surveyed Chinese companies. Self-verification striving mediates this relationship. Furthermore, leader–member exchange enhances the positive relationship between authentic leadership and self-verification striving.

This study extends the understanding of antecedents of employee expediency and also extends previous research on the role of self-verification in shaping employee behaviors. The limitation is that the results are specific to China, and the study only relied on cross-sectional data.

The current study suggests that organizations should consider implementing training programs for their leaders to cultivate traits associated with authentic leadership. Furthermore, managers should actively promote employee engagement in discussions related to work objectives, methods and efficiency to assist them in their self-verification striving. They need to make efforts to enhance the climate of leader–member exchange, thereby reducing employee expediency.

This research identifies self-verification striving as key mediators that link authentic leadership to employee expediency and reveals the moderating role of leader–member exchange in the process.

This paper aims to analyze the effects of a fresh start mindset on attitudes toward the banks. Furthermore, we try to predict how optimism judgment bias and arousal can affect the effects of the fresh start mindset through three research questions.

Three experiments explored the effect of the fresh start mindset in the banking sector. Study 1 collects data in a laboratory. Study 2 is an online experiment. Study 3 collects data in a laboratory through facial movements.

Our results clarify research gaps in studies regarding financial decisions by demonstrating that a fresh start mindset increases attitudes toward banks. In this way, a fresh start mindset can influence the optimism judgment bias by promoting underlying mechanisms that highlight the change through new paths regardless of past or present, thus promoting positive attitudes. Our results also confirm a hypothesis that stimulation of a new reality can generate arousal in cognitive processing and consumers’ willingness to interact.

Understand how campaigns and nudges around fresh starts can increase marketing campaigns’ success and help customers improve their financial well-being.

Our paper demonstrates how previous studies in the banking sector have neglected the fresh start mindset and offers mechanisms to understand the effects of optimism judgment bias and phasic arousal expression on attitudes toward the banks.

The aim of this study is two-fold. Firstly, to examine the outcomes of co-creation from a customer perspective using well-recognised customer management variables (customer satisfaction, loyalty and word-of-mouth (WOM). Secondly, to assess potential cross-cultural differences that may exist within the context of co-creation.

A questionnaire was completed in the banking services industry, and the final valid sample comprised individuals from the UK and Spain. Multi-sample analysis was carried out using PLS software.

Co-creation has a direct influence on customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and WOM; co-creation activities lead to cumulative customer satisfaction, which also affects customer loyalty and positive WOM. Furthermore, the results show that the direct relationships between co-creation and loyalty and WOM are more powerful for British consumers than Spanish consumers, who need to feel satisfied prior to demonstrating loyalty and engaging in positive WOM.

Firms can use co-creation as a strategic tool if they provide trustworthy collaboration spaces. Furthermore, firms need to adapt the way they interact, listen and respond to customers in different cultural contexts. Trustworthy collaboration spaces and adapting to cultural differences can result in customers who are more satisfied, loyal to the company and more likely to carry out positive WOM, which can ultimately lead to future business.

This study provides insights into co-creation from a customer perspective. Although much service research has examined the drivers of customer co-creation, literature that analyses the consequences of customer co-creation is still scarce. Moreover, this is the first study to provide empirical evidence of cross-cultural differences within the context of co-creation.

This study aims to examine the joint effect of accounting background and cross-membership of Islamic Supervisory Board (ISB) members on bank investment efficiency.

This study uses data collected from 36 Islamic banks across 15 countries globally, spanning the period from 2012 to 2021. This research uses an ordinary least squares regression and a comprehensive set of endogeneity and robustness tests.

The findings show a negative relationship between the accounting background of ISB members and investment efficiency. However, when ISB members with accounting backgrounds also have ISB cross-memberships, the banks exhibit high investment efficiency. These results suggest that ISB cross-membership plays a crucial role in facilitating Islamic banks’ access to timely information on investment opportunities. This enables ISB members with accounting expertise to thoroughly assess the benefits and risks associated with their investment prospects. These findings imply that ISB members with accounting backgrounds and cross-memberships have greater motivation and thoughtful considerations for making better investment decisions. Consequently, Islamic banks are better positioned to undertake high profitable investment projects, which enhance their investment efficiency.

The current study holds immense value for Islamic bank management in their selection of ISB members who possess an accounting background and cross-membership.

This study delves into a comprehensive investigation of the proficiency, underlying principles and unique characteristics exhibited by ISB members with an accounting background. Moreover, this study acknowledges the burgeoning global prominence of Islamic banks.

The purpose of this paper is, first, to identify the relationship, if any, between customers’ perceptions of justice (functional element) and employee effort (symbolic element) and their effects on satisfaction and loyalty in the context of service recovery and, second, to determine the impact of cross-cultural differences on these relationships.

Survey data from actual customers were gathered in three countries (n = 414) and analyzed using structural equation modeling to test the proposed hypotheses.

The results demonstrate the role of the constructs of perceived employee effort and perceived justice in influencing post-recovery satisfaction and loyalty across cultures. While perceived justice is valued across cultures, customers from feminine (masculine) cultures require more (less) employee effort to influence post-recovery satisfaction positively. Customers from low (high) uncertainty cultures are more (less) willing to give the provider another chance after a service recovery.

The study shows that both functional and symbolic elements of service recovery are important determinants of customer satisfaction and loyalty and that their influence can be significant in a cross-cultural context.

International service managers must consider the nature of cultural differences in their markets to develop and implement tailored recovery strategies that can result in satisfied customers.

This study is the first to integrate the functional and symbolic elements of service recovery, their impact on customers’ behavioral responses and the influence of cultural variations.