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The purpose of this paper is to obtain iron‐enriched Fe‐Ni alloy foil on Ti substrates with good quality from a chloride‐sulfate bath used in a normal DC plating mode. The effects of iron content on the hardness, surface morphology and microstructure of the foil were clarified.

Fe‐Ni alloy foil was prepared by electrodeposition in a chloride‐sulfate based solution. The effects of current density, temperature, stirring rate and sodium propargyl sulfonate concentration on the iron contents of the Fe‐Ni alloy foils were studied. The phase composition and surface morphology with various iron contents were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. Cathodic polarization curves were used to evaluate the role of sodium propargyl sulfonate (PS).

Nanocrystalline Fe‐Ni alloy foil containing up to 64 wt. percent iron can be obtained from a chloride‐sulfate based solution. The foil converts from a face‐centered cubic (fcc) Fe3Ni2 phase to a mixture of fcc and body‐centered cubic (bcc) Fe7Ni3 with increase in iron content from 55.0 wt. percent to 63.5 wt. percent. AFM studies revealed that the foil had a fine grain structure with a roughness of 30 nm and grain size of 30 nm. With iron increasing to 63.5 wt. percent some islands appeared on the surface. This structure was related to the development of a (200) fiber texture in the BCC phase. Sodium propargyl sulfonate accelerates the discharge of nickel and inhibits the discharge of Fe.

The foil has many industrial applications in the area of memory devices for computers, laser components and precise instruments.

The paper presents a process to produce a foil with iron up to 64 wt. percent from a chloride‐sulfate based solution used in normal DC mode. The dependence of microstructure and surface morphology on iron contents also is presented. Until now, there has been little research or reports on this subject.

Although a growing body of research has found evidence of anti-public sector bias – a negative stereotype that the performance of the public sector is worse than that of the private sector, whether this phenomenon is universal across situations is still an unknown topic to be further discussed. The purpose of this study is to examine how citizens assess the public sector in Chinese context, as well as the source and deep logic of this evaluation.

Through two survey experiments (N = 1,375), this paper empirically explores how citizens evaluate the public sector in the Chinese context and the cross-context stability of this attitude. At the same time, two focus group interviews (N = 12) are used to deeply analyze the source and internal logic of this attitude.

In China, there is no anti-public sector bias in the public evaluation of the public sector. On the contrary, there is a certain degree of pro-public sector preference, that is, the public has a more positive view of the public sector than the private sector. We also find that this preference has strong cross-context stability, which will not be affected by different performance information or failure public events with different severity. The study also finds that Chinese citizens' preference for the public sector is not only the product of traditional political culture, but also the result of authoritarian propaganda. More importantly, it is a personal rational choice based on institutional performance.

This study provides a good example to explore how the public views the public sector in countries where the proportion of public sector supply far exceeds that of non-public sector. The results increase the academic understanding of how citizens assess the public sector and why this evaluation comes into being. The results enlighten significance for future theoretical research on the main body of public service providers and their performance views. It also provides micro-evidence of behavioral public performance for cross-sectoral comparison between public sector and private sector.