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The purpose of this paper is to analyze two different approaches (Models A and B) for an adiabatic boundary condition at the wall of a channel filled with a porous medium. The analytical solutions for the velocity distribution, the fluid and solid phase temperature distributions are derived and compared with numerical solutions. The phenomenon of heat flux bifurcation for Model A is demonstrated. The effects of pertinent parameter C on the applicability of the Models A and B are discussed. Analytical solutions for the overall Nusselt number and the heat flux distribution at the channel wall are derived and the influence of pertinent parameters Da and k on the overall Nusselt number and the heat flux distribution is discussed.

Two approaches (Models A and B) for an adiabatic boundary condition in porous media under local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) conditions are analyzed in this work. The analysis is applied to a microchannel which is modeled as a porous medium.

The phenomenon of heat flux bifurcation at the wall for Model A is demonstrated. The effect of pertinent parameter C on the applicability of each model is discussed. Model A is applicable when C is relatively large and Model B is applicable when C is small. The heat flux distribution is obtained and the influence of Da and k is discussed. For Model A, ϕ_Afin increases and ϕ_Asub, ϕ_Acover decrease as Da decreases and k is held constant, ϕ_Asub increases and ϕ_Afin, ϕ_Acover decrease as k increases while Da is held constant; for Model B, ϕ_Bfin increases and ϕ_Bsub decreases either as Da decreases or k decreases. The overall Nusselt number is also obtained and the effect of Da and k is discussed: Nu increases as either Da or k decrease for both models. The overall Nusselt number for Model A is larger than that for Model B when Da is large, the overall Nusselt numbers for Models A and B are equivalent when Da is small.

Proper representation of the energy equation and the boundary conditions for heat transfer in porous media is very important. There are two different models for representing energy transfer in porous media: local thermal equilibrium (LTE) and LTNE. Although LTE model is more convenient to use, the LTE assumption is not valid when a substantial temperature difference exists between the solid and fluid phases.

Fluid flow and convective heat transfer in porous media have many important applications such as thermal energy storage, nuclear waste repository, electronic cooling, geothermal energy extraction, petroleum processing and heat transfer enhancement.

This work has important fundamental implications.

In this work the microchannel is modeled as an equivalent porous medium. The analytical solutions for the velocity distribution, the fluid and solid phase temperature distributions are obtained and compared with numerical solutions. The first type of heat flux bifurcation phenomenon, which indicates that the direction of the temperature gradient for the fluid and solid phases is different at the channel wall, occurs when Model A is utilized. The effect of pertinent parameter C on the applicability of the models is also discussed. The analytical solutions for the overall Nusselt number and the heat flux distribution at the channel wall are derived, and the effects of pertinent parameters Da and k on the overall Nusselt number and the heat flux distribution are discussed.

This study aims to let researchers sort out the past, look to the future and boost further management research.

This paper takes the exploration of the application of AR in the field of management research as the starting point. Through the combing and induction of AR literature to accurately grasp the essential characteristics of AR, this paper analyzes the application prospects and possible difficulties of AR in the field of management research in China, puts forward specific suggestions and explores the specific path of the transformation of management academic research to practice from the perspective of research methods.

In research methods, empirical research and case studies have become the mainstream research methods, but there is a passive research limitation of “study what happens.” Action research is different from the standpoint of empirical research that is independent of the research object. It no longer simply treats managers as the “object of information acquisition,” but as the subject of participating in the research. Management should be oriented towards the transformation of practice, and action research (AR) that can organically integrate researchers and practitioners is just a “bridge” to break the gap between academia and business circles to establish a cooperative relationship.

This paper takes the exploration of the application of AR in the field of management research as the starting point. Through the combing and induction of AR literature to accurately grasp the essential characteristics of AR, this paper analyzes the application prospects and possible difficulties of AR in the field of management research in China, puts forward specific suggestions and explores the specific path of the transformation of management academic research to practice from the perspective of research methods.

This study aims to analyse the factors that caused Indian tourists to avoid travelling abroad because of the recent outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020. It will also identify the relationship between the perceived risk of travelling and the probability of travel evading in India owing to COVID-19.

This study used an online structured questionnaire to collect data from Indian tourists to study six independent variables linked with their behavioural intentions (travel evading). The health belief model was used to examine tourist behaviour.

The results revealed a positive correlation between the perceived risk associated with COVID-19 and travel avoidance. Familiarity with COVID-19 was positively correlated with travel evading behaviours.

This study will assist stakeholders from around the world to adequately identify and thoroughly plan for logistical problems associated with travel such as travel insurance and pre-travel booking expenses to reduce travel evading behaviour and promote travel.

While a few studies have been conducted related to pandemics (Ebola, MERS-CoV, SARS), there is a paucity of literature that examines the factors which influence tourists’ travel evading behaviour owing to COVID-19. Moreover, most of the previous literature on pandemics is concentrated on American and European countries, whereas studies on the Indian sub-continent are very scarce. This study will fill this gap and will identify the factors which influence tourists in India to evade travel in response to COVID-19.