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The purpose of this paper is to present the performance requirements for the all-electric high lift motors and the inductance calculation process for the fractional slot concentrated winding.

This paper presents the research work related to all-electric aircraft high lift motors and the inductance calculation process of fractional slot concentrated winding. Firstly, this paper introduces the performance requirements for the high lift motor and summarizes the general process for calculating the inductance in fractional slot motors. Secondly, the analytical model of winding armature total inductance is obtained by the winding function method. Thirdly, a straightforward calculation method is employed for determining the total slot leakage inductance. Finally, the accuracy of the inductance calculation and controllability of the motor are confirmed through finite element model and motor control strategies.

In the fractional slot concentrated winding, the armature total inductance is equal to the armature self-inductance plus the armature mutual inductance. The slot leakage inductance is divided into the slot leakage self-inductance and the slot leakage mutual inductance. This allows inductance to be obtained quickly without finite element model.

This paper provides the inductance results of analytical and finite element simulation; the control strategy is employed to verify the conformity of the design requirements and control performance under the rated conditions. The implementation of double verification assures the practicality and effectiveness of the high lift motor.

To improve the output torque density of the machine and to be better suited for automation applications, this paper aims to propose a double-permanent-magnet enhanced hybrid stepping machine (DPMEHSM) with tangential and radial magnetization.

First, the structure of DPMEHSM is introduced and its operation principle is analyzed by describing the variation in stator poles versus time. Second, based on the similar electrical load and amount of PM, the size equations of the DPMEHSM are designed and the main parameters are presented. Third, the electromagnetic performances including the PM flux linkage distribution, magnetic density distribution, air-gap field, back electromotive force (back-EMF), detent torque, holding torque and output torque of DPMEHSM and stator-PM hybrid stepping machine (SPMHSM) are analyzed based on the finite element method.

The results show that the DPMEHSM has superiority in back-EMF, holding torque and output torque.

This paper proposes a DPMEHSM with tangential and radial magnetization to improve the output torque density.

While compassionate and morally motivated people are theorised to be more likely to engage in activities that contribute to the social good, the literature provides contradictory evidence regarding the role of empathy and moral obligation in building social entrepreneurial intention (SEI). This study aims to clarify how empathy and moral obligation influence SEI.

The authors used survey data (n = 307) from Bangladesh, a frontier economy, to test the hypothesised relationships between empathy, moral obligation and SEI by applying partial least square–structural equation modelling in Smart PLS 3. They then conducted a second study with a larger sample (n = 339) from Saudi Arabia, an emerging economy, to further investigate how the findings withstand in a different socio-economic context.

The findings contradicted extant conceptualisations and revealed that empathy and moral obligation influence SEI indirectly through other individual and contextual factors, such as social entrepreneurial self-efficacy and perceived social support. The findings indicate that a person with a feeling of compassion and moral responsibility to help others will not start a social venture unless they feel capable and supported to start and run the venture.

The study contributes to a contentious area of research in SEI by demonstrating the links between various individual-level (empathy, moral obligation and social entrepreneurial self-efficacy) and contextual-level (perceived social support) variables and their relationship with SEI.