The purpose of this paper is to consider the following three kinds of cases: first, where a network of stochastic automata consists of a neuron of several types; second, where not…
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to consider the following three kinds of cases: first, where a network of stochastic automata consists of a neuron of several types; second, where not only pair‐wise interaction of the neuron occurs, but also that between groups of the neuron; and, third, where neurons are located in d‐dimensional Euclidean space. This is based on neurons of different types having been distinguished by the neurophysiological theory of the retina of vertebrates, where the retina consists of overlapping sheets which are composed of cells receiving light, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, respectively; there are also horizontal cells and amacrine; a functional unit of the central nervous system of vertebrates is composed of the group of neurons which have the form of a network; and the case where neurons are located in d‐dimensional Euclidean space will extend theoretical significance and practical significance of abstract neural automata. The existence of abstract neural automata will be proved in all three cases.
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By means of topological conjugate transformation, the previous theory of abstract neural automata (ANA) on d‐dimensional (d≥1) integer lattice is extended to compact Riemannian…
Abstract
By means of topological conjugate transformation, the previous theory of abstract neural automata (ANA) on d‐dimensional (d≥1) integer lattice is extended to compact Riemannian manifold. This paper points out emphatically that intelligence of ANA is related to the geometrical features. The greater the volume of relative plane, the stronger the intelligence; curved Riemannian manifold X˜ configuration space of ANA are locally flat such that the cognitive process of NAN limits the Gibbs' probability measure for a sufficiently small time i.e. the cognitive process of ANA can determine the solution in a sufficiently small time the problem. This hypothesis was supported by studying the human brain, in particular by studying Einstein's brain.
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The theory of abstract neural automata has been proposed previously. Believes that in studying change of the structure of abstract neural automata, genetico‐variable structure…
Abstract
The theory of abstract neural automata has been proposed previously. Believes that in studying change of the structure of abstract neural automata, genetico‐variable structure must be considered. Abstract neural automata are considered to be cognizant machines, machines of thought. The basic effect on cognition and on the thought of heredity, such as genes is considered to be important in this discussion. Following the proof of the theorem of existence of abstract neural automata whose state space of single neuron (stochastic automaton) is Euclidean space Ed, the theorem of ergodicity of evolutionary process of genetico‐variable structure of abstract neural automata is proved.
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For a long time, one has carried on an endless debate for the problem of the origin of cognition. Much of the debate surrounding this comes from the problem of infinite regress…
Abstract
For a long time, one has carried on an endless debate for the problem of the origin of cognition. Much of the debate surrounding this comes from the problem of infinite regress. In a discussion on theory of the thought of abstract neural automata (ANA), we have considered thought, resulting from the nonuniqueness of ANA, to be an important stage of all evolutionary processes of cognition. If thought is considered to be an evolutionary process, we may ask where is the origin of the evolutionary process? In this paper, using ready‐made theory, merely for the problem of origin of thought, we shall offer views of ourselves, which cannot begin to talk about bringing forth new ideas in theory. The view on the theory of ANA about such a problem is that the thought of ANA results from its nonuniqueness, the nonuniqueness results from its uniqueness, the uniqueness originates from its non‐existence – “empty”, i.e. essential answer having universal sense is that thought of ANA originates from “empty”.
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In the view of philosophy, a concept is the highest product of the human brain. Demonstrates abstract neural automata (ANA) – the more perfect of the brain's models have the…
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In the view of philosophy, a concept is the highest product of the human brain. Demonstrates abstract neural automata (ANA) – the more perfect of the brain's models have the ability of transition of concept – ability of thought. The transition of the concept of ANA results from non‐uniqueness of its limit Gibbs measure, which is the variability of structure of ANA.
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Believes that in the view of philosophy, a concept is the highest form of activity of human brain. This paper demonstrates Abstract Neural Automata and a more perfect brain's…
Abstract
Believes that in the view of philosophy, a concept is the highest form of activity of human brain. This paper demonstrates Abstract Neural Automata and a more perfect brain's models that have the ability of transition of concept‐ability of thought. The transition of the concept of Abstract Neural automata results from the non‐uniqueness of its limit Gibbs measure‐variability of the structure of Abstract Neural Automata.By means of topological conjugate transformation, the previous theory of Abstract Neural Automata on a d‐dimensional (d≥1) integer lattice is extended to the compact Riemannian manifold. We have pointed out emphatically that functions of cognition and thought of Abstract Neural Automata depend crucially on its topological and the Riemannian structure, particularly, on its Riemannian volume of some relative places which are relative learning, memory, cognition and thought. Furthermore, the larger the Riemannian volume, the stronger the intelligent function. In the study of the human brain, and in particular, Einstein's brain, one has discovered such information.
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Considers neurons, neural networks and neural fields from the viewpoint of abstract automata. Introduces Abstract neural automata (ANA) to explain and to provide a mathematical…
Abstract
Considers neurons, neural networks and neural fields from the viewpoint of abstract automata. Introduces Abstract neural automata (ANA) to explain and to provide a mathematical description of neural functions and theory. Surveys some current literature including that concerned with Boltzmann machines and the author’s own view of an associative Boltzmann neural model. Provides definitions and theorems to support the author’s theses on cognition, the human brain and the role of ANA in the understanding of neural networks.
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Diplomatic and consular policies; legal aspects of international relations and Asia regional scenario.
Abstract
Subject area
Diplomatic and consular policies; legal aspects of international relations and Asia regional scenario.
Study level/applicability
Undergraduate.
Case overview
In April 2012, high-level officials from China and the USA were about to meet in Beijing in the framework of the bilateral Strategic and Economic Dialogue, organized on a yearly basis. The event was always delicate, due to the ambiguous relationship existing between the two countries, which were at the same time rivals and dependent on one another. That time, the tension previous to the meeting increased significantly: a Chinese human rights activist had just sought and obtained diplomatic protection in the US Embassy in Beijing, thus creating an embarrassing situation for both States' foreign departments […] How could they possibly solve this contentious issue without affecting their already sensitive relationship?
Expected learning outcomes
Analytical: to be aware of the political nature of the current Chinese Government; to realize the concrete and practical implications of an Embassy's special status; to balance two contradictory objectives, in a specific situation where none of them can be fully discarded; to contrast and try to combine long-term goals (in this case, to maintain a functioning relationship between two main world powers) with short-term objectives (in this case, how to deal with a Chinese activist that required protection against his own country's security forces); to find a modus vivendi (conciliation) between values and interests; to get convinced that certain kinds of negotiations cannot be conceived through a “win or lose” approach: in this case, the only way out must be respectful of the two parties' core interests; and to take into account that image preservation (“face-saving”) must be included within any country's objectives in any situation involving diplomatic means. Conceptual: the purpose is to familiarize the students with specific concepts, such as: best alternative to a negotiated agreement (BATNA), which is to be mentioned as part of the discussion (it is not included in the case study itself); interdependence; (purported) Group of Two; asylum and refuge; Immunity; and sending state/receiving state.
Supplementary materials
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