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Article
Publication date: 2 May 2017

Benfu Wang, Decai Ren, Qian Zhang, Xuduo Bai and Xiankai Jiang

This paper aims to investigate the electrochromic (EC) properties of poly(triphenylamine alkyl ether) and poly(triphenylamine aryl ether) in two different electrolyte solution to…

157

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the electrochromic (EC) properties of poly(triphenylamine alkyl ether) and poly(triphenylamine aryl ether) in two different electrolyte solution to study the resistive switching behaviour of acid-doped poly(triphenylamine alkyl ether).

Design/methodology_appach

By Buchwald–Hartwig coupling reaction, two novel poly[N-p-phenoxy-N-[4-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]triphenylamineandpoly[N,N-bis(4-phenoxy)]triphenylamine were synthesized from 4-phenoxyaniline and two dibromo aromatic compounds, 1,2-bis[β,β′-(p-bromophenoxy)ethoxy]ethane and bis(4-bromophenyl) ether.

Findings

Poly(triphenylamine alkyl ether) displayed excellent EC characteristics, with a coloration change from a colourless neutral state to light blue and red oxidized states, while poly(triphenylamine aryl ether) showed coloration a change from a colourless neutral state to light blue oxidized state in tetrabutylammonium perchlorate electrolyte solution. Moreover, p-toluenesulfonic acid-doped poly(triphenylamine alkyl ether) exhibited a non-volatile bistable resistive switching behaviour with a high high-conductivity/low-conductivity ratio of up to 104, long retention time exceeding 2.5 × 103 s and the switching threshold voltage was also lower than −2V.

Research limitations/implications

In this paper, the non-volatile bistable resistive switching behaviour of acid-dopedpoly(triphenylamine alkyl ether) was in accordance with the molar ratio of 1:1. The effects of different molar ratios remained to be studied.

Practical implications

Poly(triphenylamine ether)s may find optoelectronic applications as new EC and resistive switching materials.

Originality/value

The effects of alkyl and aryl ether structures in the main chain on the EC and resistive switching behaviour of triphenylamine unit have not yet been reported.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 46 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Book part
Publication date: 22 November 2024

Ayat-Allah Bouramdane

In smart cities striving for innovation, development, and prosperity, hydrogen offers a promising path for decarbonization. However, its effective integration into the evolving…

Abstract

In smart cities striving for innovation, development, and prosperity, hydrogen offers a promising path for decarbonization. However, its effective integration into the evolving energy landscape requires understanding regional intricacies and identifying areas for improvement. This chapter examines hydrogen transport from production to utilization, evaluating technologies’ pros, cons, and process equations and using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) tool to assess these technologies based on multiple criteria. It also explores barriers and opportunities in hydrogen transport within the 21st-century energy transition, providing insights for overcoming challenges. Evaluation criteria for hydrogen transport technologies were ranked by relative importance, with energy efficiency topping the list, followed by energy density, infrastructure requirements, cost, range, and flexibility. Safety, technological maturity, scalability, and compatibility with existing infrastructure received lower weights. Hydrogen transport technologies were categorized into three performance levels: low, medium, and high. Hydrogen tube trailers ranked lowest, while chemical hydrides, hydrail, liquid organic hydrogen carriers, hydrogen pipelines, and hydrogen blending exhibited moderate performance. Compressed hydrogen gas, liquid hydrogen, ammonia carriers, and hydrogen fueling stations demonstrated the highest performance. The proposed framework is crucial for next-gen smart cities, cutting emissions, boosting growth, and speeding up development with a strong hydrogen infrastructure. This makes the region a sustainable tech leader, improving air quality and well-being. Aligned with Gulf Region goals, it is key for smart cities. Policymakers, industries, and researchers can use these insights to overcome barriers and seize hydrogen transport tech opportunities.

Details

The Emerald Handbook of Smart Cities in the Gulf Region: Innovation, Development, Transformation, and Prosperity for Vision 2040
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-83608-292-7

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Article
Publication date: 5 January 2015

H.Y. Zhang, H.J. Niu, Y.M. Wang, C. Wang, X.D. Bai,, S. Wang and Wen Wang

The purpose of this paper was to provide a simple method for the preparation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by pyrolysing sunflower seed hulls and sago and to evaluate the application…

309

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper was to provide a simple method for the preparation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by pyrolysing sunflower seed hulls and sago and to evaluate the application of such CNTs in supercapacitors.

Design/methodology/approach

The CNTs were obtained by pyrolysing sunflower seed hulls and sago at 800°C. The prepared CNTs were studied by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammograms, galvanostatic charge and discharge and electrochemical impedance spectra methods.

Findings

The CNTs had large surface areas as determined by the methylene blue method and the Brunauer – Emmett – Teller method. And the CNTs that were prepared by pyrolysing the natural sunflower seed hulls (denoted as CNTs-1) and sago (denoted as CNTs-2) had capacitances of 86.9 F/g and 26.7 F/g, respectively.

Research limitations/implications

The capacitances of CNTs can be further improved.

Practical implications

The exceptional electronic and mechanical properties of CNTs prepared lend the CNTs to diverse applications including electrocatalysts, hydrogen storage, photovoltaic devices actuators, energy storage, field-emitting flat panel displays and composites.

Originality/value

Currently, CNTs have not yet been used in the industry at a mass production scale due to high costs associated. The outcomes of the study reported in this article could provide a convenient method in aid of industrialisation of the production of CNTs.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 44 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 14 September 2010

X.L. Wang, X.D. Bai, X.K. Jiang, C. Wang and C. Chen

The purpose of this paper is to prepare polypyrrolone nanofibres and investigate the effects of concentration of polypyrrolone precursor and voltage on polypyrrolone precursor…

314

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to prepare polypyrrolone nanofibres and investigate the effects of concentration of polypyrrolone precursor and voltage on polypyrrolone precursor nanofibres by electrospinning, in order to achieve ideal nanofibres.

Design/methodology/approach

Polypyrrolone nanofibres were prepared by polypyrrolone precursor electrospinning. Various fibres were made with different concentrations of polypyrrolone precursor and different voltages. Morphology of fibres was characterised by scanning electron microscopy to study the effect of different preparation conditions on morphology of fibres.

Findings

A method of preparation of polypyrrolone nanofibres with the polypyrrolone precursor by electrospinning was introduced which had not been reported. The effects of concentration of polypyrrolone precursor and voltage on the morphology of the nanofibres were studied. It was found that the concentration of polypyrrolone precursor was the major factor and the voltage also affected the distribution and dimension of polypyrrolone fibres to an extent.

Research limitations/implications

Polypyrrolone nanofibres provided potential applications in solar cells and field‐effect transistors.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors' knowledge, there is no literature on the preparation of polypyrrolone nanofibres by electrospinning. Herein the preparation of polypyrrolone nanofibres by electrospinning is first reported. The polypyrrolone nanofibres might be used in solar cell, non‐linear optics, conducting and semi‐conducting materials.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 39 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 19 September 2019

Jing Xie, Shaoxian Bai and Chunhong Ma

The purpose of this paper is to improve opening performance of bi-directional rotation gas face seals by investigating the hydrodynamic effect of non-closed elliptical grooves.

150

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to improve opening performance of bi-directional rotation gas face seals by investigating the hydrodynamic effect of non-closed elliptical grooves.

Design/methodology/approach

A model of non-closed elliptical groove bi-directional rotation gas face seal is developed. The distribution of lubricating film pressure is obtained by solving gas Reynolds equations with the finite difference method. The program iterates repeatedly until the convergence criterion on the opening force is satisfied, and the sealing performance is finally obtained.

Findings

Non-closed elliptical groove presents much stronger hydrodynamic effect than the closed groove because of drop of the gas resistance flowing into grooves. Besides, the non-closed elliptical groove presents significant hydrodynamic effect under bi-directional rotation conditions, and an increase of over 40 per cent is obtained for the opening force at seal pressure 4.5 MPa, as same level as the unidirectional spiral groove gas seal. In the case of bi-directional rotation, the value of the inclination angle is recommended to set as 90° presenting a structure symmetry so as to keep best opening performance for both positive and reverse rotation.

Originality/value

A model of non-closed elliptical groove bi-directional rotation gas face seal is established. The hydrodynamic mechanism of this gas seal is illustrated. Parametric investigation of inclination angle and integrity rate is presented for the non-closed elliptical groove bi-directional rotation gas face seal.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 72 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

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Article
Publication date: 12 September 2008

Z.Y. Sun, G. Xie, X.D. Bai and Y.J. Chen

The purpose of this paper is to study the preparation and characterisation of poly(p‐phenylene vinylene), PPV/TiO2 photoluminescent (PL) nanofibres, and the causes of the…

536

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the preparation and characterisation of poly(p‐phenylene vinylene), PPV/TiO2 photoluminescent (PL) nanofibres, and the causes of the blue‐shift in PL spectrum of the as‐prepared composite nanofibres.

Design/methodology/approach

A simple method coupling sol‐gel method and electrospinning technology was used to prepare PPV/TiO2 nanofibres from precursory PPV solution.

Findings

Small‐angle X‐ray diffractometer showed that the nano‐TiO2 was mainly amorphous in composite nanofibres. The PL spectrum of the composite nanofibres confirmed the conclusion that there was a slight blue‐shift in the PL spectrum owing to the existence of TiO2 nanoparticles.

Research limitations/implications

The nanofibres collected aligned in random orientation, if parallel nanofibres were obtained. Practical applications will be effected.

Practical implications

The electrospinning method provides an effective strategy for preparing polymer composite nanomaterials.

Originality/value

Composite nanofibres will have potential applications for green optical/electric devices such as LEDs, sensors, transducers and flat panel displays.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 37 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 27 March 2007

Z.H. Gao, J.Y. Gu and X.D. Bai

To evaluate the effect of the concentrations of isocyanate group and hydroxyl group and hydroxyl group species on the rate constants of isocyanate‐propanol reaction, and to reveal…

937

Abstract

Purpose

To evaluate the effect of the concentrations of isocyanate group and hydroxyl group and hydroxyl group species on the rate constants of isocyanate‐propanol reaction, and to reveal the kinetics of isocyanate‐hydroxyl reaction.

Design/methodology/approach

The in situ FTIR technique was employed to measure the group concentration evolutions, by which the rate constants were determined. Besides, the FTIR was used to detect the OH absorbance shifts during reaction and the OH absorbance at different concentrations. The kinetic mechanism of isocyanate‐propanol reaction was discussed with the combination of rate constants and FTIR spectra.

Findings

A new reaction mechanism, alcohol association mechanism, was proposed that could explain many phenomena. It was revealed that the rate constant was independent of the isocyanate concentration, while the concentration and species of hydroxyl groups had apparent effects on the rate constants. It was possible to calculate the number averaged degree of association of propanol with alcohol association mechanism.

Research limitations/implications

The associated n‐propanol molecules that reacted with isocyanate to form urethane were the associated dimer and trimer predominately, while the iso‐propanol was the dimer.

Practical implications

The kinetics of isocyanate‐hydroxyl reaction and the alcohol association mechanism will be helpful to understand the preparation and curing of polyurethane, and their controls.

Originality/value

A new reaction mechanism, alcohol association mechanism, was proposed that could explain many phenomena that might not be interpreted by other mechanisms. The mechanism could be employed to calculate the number averaged degree of association of alcohols.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 36 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 1 October 2005

Z.H. Gao, J.Y. Gu, X‐M. Wang, Z.G. Li and X.D. Bai

To evaluate the competing reaction of isocyanate with cellulose and water which can provide direction for further studies on bonding and curing reactions of isocyanate with wood.

2633

Abstract

Purpose

To evaluate the competing reaction of isocyanate with cellulose and water which can provide direction for further studies on bonding and curing reactions of isocyanate with wood.

Design/methodology/approach

Two modern analytical techniques, Fourier transform infra‐red (FTIR) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), were used. The FTIR was used to identify the products of the reaction of phenyl isocyanate (PI) with alcohol, water, and cellulose; while the XPS was used to evaluate the proportions of isocyanate that reacted with water or cellulose when PI reacted with cellulose at different moisture contents (MCs), respectively.

Findings

Methods for the IR identifications of reaction results of PI with n‐propanol, water, and cellulose, in which the reactions of PI with water and PI with cellulose resulted in N,N′‐diphenylurea and carbamate, respectively, were developed. It was discovered that the extent of reaction of isocyanate and cellulose decreased with increasing cellulose MC, and 92.98 per cent isocyanate reacted with water when 9.78 per cent MC was reached. It was confirmed that the products of the PI reaction were distributed mainly on the surface of the cellulose particles.

Research limitations/implications

The study only focused on the reaction of PI. However, the industrial isocyanates, e.g. methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), polymerized methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (p‐MDI) that have complexities in chemical structures and components, make analyses with FTIR and XPS impossible.

Practical implications

The paper provides some instructive information about the isocyanate reaction that will help understanding the characteristics of isocyanate and guiding the design of technology bonding isocyanate to fibre, wood, etc.

Originality/value

The application of FTIR and XPS for evaluating the reaction of isocyanate with cellulose having different MCs was novel and may be used as a reference for other relevant studies.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 34 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Book part
Publication date: 21 June 2024

Sunil K. Verma, Saswati Bhattacharya and Tushar Singh

The aim of the present study was to identify the pattern of intergenerational relations in interdependent society, examine the role of family functioning on it and the role of…

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to identify the pattern of intergenerational relations in interdependent society, examine the role of family functioning on it and the role of demographic variables (location, economic class, and familial role) on intergenerational relations, and study the processes of different types of intergenerational relations (solidarity, ambivalence, and conflict). India being an interdependent society emphasizes the family bonds where more than one generation cohabits together. Thus, exploring the intergenerational ties and family dynamics becomes an important factor to examine. The present study anchored in Kagitcibasi’s Family Change Theory investigates intergenerational relationships in India, examining the shift from joint to modified extended families. With 720 participants in urban and rural areas, the research explores cultural attitudes, socioeconomic variables, and coping strategies and intergenerational dynamics within families. Findings reveal prevalent solidarity, ambivalence, and affection, with rural–urban distinctions. The study underscores the importance of understanding intergenerational dynamics, providing insights for scholars, policymakers, and social workers to enhance support networks. The research contributes valuable knowledge to address evolving family needs in the context of changing societal norms and economic factors.

Details

Indian Families: Contemporary Family Structures and Dynamics
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-83797-595-2

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Article
Publication date: 1 May 2006

C. Wang, Z. Huang, X. Bai, N. Huang and B. Wang

To evaluate the photoelectrochemical characteristics of polymer doped with CdSe and CdSe/TiO2 for improved photoelectric conversion efficiency.

657

Abstract

Purpose

To evaluate the photoelectrochemical characteristics of polymer doped with CdSe and CdSe/TiO2 for improved photoelectric conversion efficiency.

Design/methodology/approach

A method was set‐up to dope the nano‐CdSe with poly‐perylene‐tetracarboxylic imide (PPI) in the nano‐TiO2/ITO films, which were characterised by X‐ray diffraction; electrochemical analytical system; multifunctional grating spectrometer; digital photometer and ultrasonic cleanout instrument, etc.

Findings

The modification of PPI doped with CdSe and CdSe/TiO2 showed significant elevation of the monochromatic incident photo‐to‐electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) of the photoelectrode, which was about 3 per cent. The doping caused a tone up separate efficiency of charge, restraining the complex of electron‐cavity by doped nano‐CdSe. Therefore, the photocurrent of the TiO2 film doped with nano‐CdSe was about three times higher than that without.

Research limitations/implications

The mixed film could also be formed from conjugated polymer mixed with polymer and inorganic particle, based on polymer doped with CdSe and CdSe/TiO2. In addition, the monochromatic incident IPCE of the photoelectrode needs to be extensively studied.

Practical implications

The treatment method developed provided a practical and effective solution to increasing the ICPE.

Originality/value

The method for doping polymer with CdSe and CdSe/TiO2 was novel and could probably be adapted for the manufacture of solar cell.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 35 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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