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During the operation of a wet clutch, there are fluctuations in speed and torque, which have an impact on the stability of the clutch and the strength of the friction plate and the spline pair of the dual steel plate. The purpose of this study is to investigate the vibration characteristics of the wet clutch and the dynamic load characteristics of the spline pairs.

The spline pair model is established by the piecewise linear function method, and on this basis, dynamic equations considering the spline pair of dual steel plates and friction plates are established. Considering that the wet clutch has multiple spline pairs, an equivalent model of the number of teeth and the equivalent model of the tooth width were proposed, and the Runge-Kutta numerical method was used for the wet clutch for these two models.

The research results show that the equal tooth number model has greater meshing stiffness and smaller fluctuation than the constant tooth width model, which shows that increasing the meshing stiffness of the system is beneficial to reduce system fluctuation and improve system stability.

The friction plate has the system that multiple splines are independent of each other, which is relatively complicated. Therefore, an equivalent calculation is performed on multiple pairs of steel plates (friction plates) to simplify the calculation of the spline pairs.

This paper provides a theoretical basis for further dynamic characteristics analysis of wet clutch and reducing fluctuation of speed and torque.

Dynamic equation considering the spline pair of the dual steel plates and the friction plates is established to study the vibration characteristics of the wet clutch and the dynamic load characteristics of the spline pair, etc.

The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-03-2023-0078/

Chinese S&T parks are one component of the Chinese system of innovation which has emerged over the last 20 years; they are not simply a copy‐paste of the American model. This paper aims to focus on this topic.

Developments were inferred from an extensive literature review (in English, in Chinese and in French) that was completed by an archive research as well as interviews of heads of Chinese S&T parks.

Six features make Chinese S&T parks different from what can be found elsewhere in the world: the Chinese people have the willingness to restore previous glory and share of the world economy; the Chinese government apparatus acts as the driving force with an overpowering impact; there are very few foreign companies in Chinese S&T parks – making those parks mostly inhabited by Chinese companies, but returnees play a significant role; an astonishing scale when benchmarked to European references; the greening of business has emerged as a new and powerful driver; and an evolutionary process is leading to the transformation of China into an innovative country.

This paper stands more as an essay reflecting the authors' understanding of the Chinese situation and, as such, it may be subjectively biased.

As Western managers are now considering China as a possible place to carry R&D, this paper helps them to get a better understanding of the features of the specific locations where they might implement their R&D labs.

The emergence of China as a technological country is a recent phenomenon. The authors have identified no such analysis in the published literature.

The socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics is the scientific fruit of Xi Jinping thought on socialist economy with Chinese characteristics for a new era. People-centred philosophy is the core values of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee's governance of China with Xi Jinping as the core and has become the core values of the socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics. According to Xi Jinping thought on socialist economy with Chinese characteristics, it represents the interests of all people and determines the disciplinary attribute of the socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics, that is, people-centred economics. Xi Jinping has defined the essence of the socialism as eliminating poverty, improving people's livelihood and gradually realising common prosperity. That determines the main line of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics is to liberate, develop and protect the productive forces and achieve common prosperity. This study aims to discuss the aforementioned statements.

Xi Jinping's scientific judgement on the new stage of development and the principal contradiction facing Chinese society has put forward the requirement of problem orientation for the study of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics, involving the main contradiction facing Chinese society, high-quality development and modernisation. China's socialist basic economic system consists of a socialist market economy in which public ownership plays the leading role alongside other forms of ownership and distribution according to work is the mainstay, while other forms of distribution coexist alongside it. And this socialist basic economic system, marked out from three dimensions—production, distribution and exchange analysis, is the key of analysis of systems in the socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics. The economic operation analysis in political economy mainly involves resource allocation and the government's macroeconomic regulation and control.

The new thought and new practices about the role of the market and the government in the new era have opened up a new realm for the economic operation analysis in the socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics. The new development philosophy and new development paradigm define the content of the economic development theory in the socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics. The new development paradigm reflects the dual circulation theory of social reproduction.

The socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics is to study laws of economics in various aspects from economic system, economic operation, economic development to foreign economy and provide the basic principles of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics. Its mainstream economic position will be consolidated continuously.