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To study some tribochemical properties of tetrazole derivatives, n‐hexadecanyl (1H‐tetrazol‐1‐yl) acetate (HTA) and 1‐phenyl‐5‐(octylthio)‐tetrazole (PCT) as lubricating oil additives in hydrogenised oil, and estimate the action mechanism.Design/methodology/approach – The two tetrazole compounds were synthesized, and added them in hydrogenised oil with different concentrations. Their anti‐wear properties were evaluated with a four‐ball machine, the wear scar was analyzed with a X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).Findings – The novel compounds possess good anti‐wear, friction reduction properties and good load‐carrying capacity. According to the XPS results, the novel compounds were migrated onto the surface of the steel balls and adsorbed on the surface. The two additive compounds, themselves, and their decomposers contributed to the corresponding tribological performances. With S element contained in the compound PCT, the influence on the load‐carrying capacity of the base oil was enhanced. It may be due to the formation of S²⁻ and SO₄²⁻ compounds on the worn surface which could form a protective film.Research limitations/implications – Their antioxidant, anticorrosion, anti‐wear properties are not estimated.Practical implications – Two useful EP and AW lubricating oil additives were synthesized, and maybe it is the potential industrial applied lubricating oil additives.Originality/value – This paper provided a study way of some N‐containing heterocyclic compounds as lubricating oil additives.

Recognizing the differences between generations Y and Z, this exploratory study uses generational cohort theory as a framework to examine the brand perception of McDonald's, an international brand which has grown up with consumers for over 30 years in China. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Measures of brand perception was built based on Aaker's brand personality model. A total 1,103 valid questionnaires were collected through an online survey platform. Factor analysis is the primary method to analysis the data.

The findings of this study reveal a favourable brand perception of McDonald's among young Chinese consumers which is consistent with Aaker's brand personality model and support the use of generational cohort theory as a market segmentation tool for brand perception. The differences between the two generational cohorts are not shown to be significant.

The most important contribution of this study is the evaluation of the personality of a major brand in China for Gen Z, a topic with very little existing research. Also, this research suggests future in-depth research into generational cohort theory in a Chinese context by recognizing homogeneity and heterogeneity exist simultaneously between generational cohorts.

Adopting digital transformation is changing the methods through which companies' function, generating novel possibilities and difficulties that force firms to adjust to remain competitive in the digital era. It is critical for firms to embrace this change and utilize technology to develop a more flexible, proactive and effective approach as digital transformation continues to advance at an accelerating pace. Vietnam has been placed at the forefront of these changes in attracting investments and becoming a hub of international trade. As a result, Vietnamese firms have been implementing restructuring and adopting digital transformation to remain competitive with the flow of foreign investment. This paper aims to examine the effects of digital transformation on corporate restructuring in Vietnam. The authors then investigate the moderating role of corporate governance in the digital transformation – corporate restructuring nexus.

The authors employ content analysis to extract information from the annual reports of 747 Vietnamese listed companies, where the authors focus on specific phrases, such as “digitalization”, “big data”, “cloud computing”, “blockchain” and “information technology” over a period of 11 years, from 2011 to 2021. The frequency count of these keywords is calculated to represent the level of digital transformation for the Vietnamese listed firms. A final sample of 118 Vietnamese listed firms with sufficient data is selected for the analysis using the generalized method of moments (GMM) approach.

The results indicate that digital transformation and corporate governance negatively impact corporate restructuring when their effect on corporate restructuring is examined independently. However, corporate governance strengthens the effect of digital transformation on corporate restructuring.

This paper is one of the first to investigate the moderating role of corporate governance on the effect of digital transformation on corporate restructuring in Vietnam. The findings inspire listed firms in Vietnam to implement digital transformation during their corporate restructuring to enhance performance.