Videotex has developed, for the most part, along a separate path from that of traditional data processing. For this reason there have been relatively few attempts to merge the two…
Abstract
Videotex has developed, for the most part, along a separate path from that of traditional data processing. For this reason there have been relatively few attempts to merge the two fields, to apply the knowledge gained in the structure and management of traditional databases to the problems of videotex, or, on the other hand, to consider the user interface approach of videotex as a means of providing access to more traditional databases. In this paper we outline the historical reasons for this split, and indicate some of the ways in which a cross‐fertilisation between the two domains could now be valuable.
Discusses QUARTET, the experimental project looking at the idea ofa fully automatic document delivery service, able to provide users withsource material on request from an…
Abstract
Discusses QUARTET, the experimental project looking at the idea of a fully automatic document delivery service, able to provide users with source material on request from an electronic store. Details the ADONIS database of 219 biomedical journals on CD‐ROM which formed the primary material for the experiments. Shows that such systems are technically feasible and may have considerable benefit in providing research workers with a “just‐in‐time” information delivery service that avoids some of the inherent costs of more traditional methods.
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Standards exist for many aspects of scientific and technical information and its management. This paper examines standardization from the perspective of an ‘ideal information…
Abstract
Standards exist for many aspects of scientific and technical information and its management. This paper examines standardization from the perspective of an ‘ideal information scenario’. It focuses both on the older well‐established standards and those standards currently under development which are most important for information management. It concludes with a proposed approach for planning standards activity.
Enquires into the feasibility of a European interlending system.Considers which mechanism should be developed. Comments on locationinstruments, requesting, processing…
Abstract
Enquires into the feasibility of a European interlending system. Considers which mechanism should be developed. Comments on location instruments, requesting, processing, transmitting mechanisms, charging procedures and copyright agreements. Concludes that location and requesting can be mastered but much more work will be needed on the other four components.
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Discusses the importance of standards in interlending. Describessome attempts to improve access to publications. Highlights ventures incommercial document delivery and also…
Abstract
Discusses the importance of standards in interlending. Describes some attempts to improve access to publications. Highlights ventures in commercial document delivery and also conflicts between electronic publishing and copyright. Gives details of interlending activities in the audiovisual field and at a national level. Summarizes some surveys on interlending. Describes developments in academic libraries as well as views on resource sharing, advances in electronic document delivery and networking, along with forecasts for the future.
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The Sixteenth International Online Information Meeting was held in London on 8–10 December 1992. Here, Online & CDROM Review offers the first of two sets of abstracts of selected…
Manikandan Nachimuthu and Rajesh P.K.
This paper aims to provide a review of four-dimensional (4D) printing of shape memory polymers using inkjet printing technology. 4D printing refers to the three-dimensional (3D…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to provide a review of four-dimensional (4D) printing of shape memory polymers using inkjet printing technology. 4D printing refers to the three-dimensional (3D) printing of smart materials capable of shape change or function modification with respect to time when activated by external stimuli. Inkjet printing has gained popularity because of the technical advantages such as non-contact deposition, multi-material printing, high resolution, high speed of printing and minimal post processing. This review will serve as a platform for understanding the inkjet 4D printing process and the shape memory capability of the polymer structures printed using inkjet printing.
Design/methodology/approach
The approach used in this review was to search for and review research works related to inkjet 4D printing of shape memory polymers. The search period was limited for the duration 2013 to 2021 as the 4D printing technology came into light later in 2013. With the review of inkjet 4D printing of shape memory polymers, the shape memory capability of the inkjet-printed structures were also studied.
Findings
With the available research documents, it was found that the inkjet 4D printing technology gained momentum from 2016, three years after the introduction of the 4D printing technology. The key findings of this review show that inkjet 4D printing of shape memory polymers were primarily performed using commercial inkjet printers and polymer inks linked to the printers. Even though the inkjet printing technology is matured enough to print multiple materials, development of shape memory polymer inks for inkjet printability remains complex. To realize the full potential of inkjet 4D printing, novel polymer inks specific for inkjet printing needs development.
Research limitations/implications
The major limitation to this review was the availability of research papers for review. Even though inkjet printing technology has grown to popularity in the graphics printing and publishing industry since its inception in the 19th century, the technology still needs to evolve in the printing of 3D structures due to the limitations in synthesizing inks that are inkjet printable. However, this research will serve as a platform for understating the current status of inkjet 4D printing and the limitations of the technology.
Originality/value
This review focuses only on the inkjet 4D printing of shape memory polymers among the generally summarized 4D printing review papers available. Currently, 4D printing of shape memory polymers is carried out using only the commercially available polymer printers. Also, researchers do not have the flexibility of modifying the polymer inks linked to the printers. This review can spur more research into the development of novel polymer inks specific for inkjet printing.
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The purpose of this work was to develop a model for estimating “dry” and “wet” thermal resistance of bedding during use. The model takes into account proportions of the body…
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to develop a model for estimating “dry” and “wet” thermal resistance of bedding during use. The model takes into account proportions of the body covered by different bedding arrangements, and the effects of an infants sleep position and method of tucking on thickness, thermal resistance and heat loss. Predictions of thermal resistance using various published formulae are compared with those from this study.
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C.A. Wilson, R.M. Laing and T. Tamura
The aim of this work was to validate the Wilson and Laing theoretical mathematical model for estimating the intrinsic “dry” thermal resistance of upper‐bedding, and compare the…
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The aim of this work was to validate the Wilson and Laing theoretical mathematical model for estimating the intrinsic “dry” thermal resistance of upper‐bedding, and compare the two‐dimensional models commonly used to estimate the “dry” thermal resistance of bedding in use, with the actual intrinsic “dry” thermal resistance measured using an infant thermal manikin. The Wilson and Laing model was the only model used adequately to estimate the intrinsic “dry” thermal used resistance of materials arranged over the infant thermal manikin. Estimation of intrinsic “dry” thermal resistance of bedding during use is not adequate using two‐dimensional models. Further investigation into the relationship between thermal resistance, conditions of use, and SIDS using the Wilson and Laing model is recommended.
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E.J. Holland, C.A. Wilson, R.M. Laing and B.E. Niven
The rate and volume of air exchanged between the bed microclimate and the ambient environment determines in part how much heat is lost from the human body. This study investigated…
Abstract
The rate and volume of air exchanged between the bed microclimate and the ambient environment determines in part how much heat is lost from the human body. This study investigated the ventilatory characteristics of infant over‐bedding to determine whether different combinations of bedding items (i.e. sheets, blankets, duvets) and types of tucking (i.e. loosely, firmly and swaddled/firmly tucked) affected microclimate ventilation. Microclimate volumes and air exchange rates were determined and used to calculate the ventilation indices. The presence of a duvet in the bedding combination resulted in lower ventilation indices than when bedding did not include a duvet. The type and combination of blankets did not significantly affect ventilation indices. The type of tucking had a significant effect on ventilation indices only when the assembly did not include a duvet.