Puts forward the limit to growth perspective, which is rarely mentioned in societies devoted to the increase of material living standards. Outlines the resources each individual…
Abstract
Puts forward the limit to growth perspective, which is rarely mentioned in societies devoted to the increase of material living standards. Outlines the resources each individual in rich countries uses and extrapolates those figures to cover the rest of the world’s population, proving that it is clearly impossible to sustain such living standards. Criticizes profit maximization, market forces and the pursuit of business opportunities as inappropriate to the needs of the world’s poor majority. Explores how society could reduce its per capita resource use and environmental impact, particularly through the development of small scale self‐sufficient economies. Points out that most of the real economy would be in non‐cash areas. Hastens to mention that a simpler, less material and closer‐to‐nature lifestyle does not exclude information technology. Indicates that access to communal property and service needs to replace income as the means to a satisfying life. Summarizes how community gardens can be set up and the roles that community workers could play in saving towns.
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A foreign spy, an astronaut in deep space, a man in the street … what have they in common? A radio receiver!
J. Fan and J.H. Keighley
A theoretical model for the study of the thermal insulation of clothing in windy conditions is presented. In this model, the trunk of a human body is approximated to as an…
Abstract
A theoretical model for the study of the thermal insulation of clothing in windy conditions is presented. In this model, the trunk of a human body is approximated to as an internally temperature‐controlled hollow cylinder. The clothing assembly covering on the cylindrical body consists of two parts, an outer wind resistant fabric and an inner porous fibrous material. The numerical solution derived agrees well with the experimental findings performed on a cylindrical togmeter in a wind tunnel. It appears that air penetration and changes in clothing geometry caused by compression, expansion or fluctuation of the assembly are two essential mechanisms which cause the wind‐induced reduction in thermal insulation. The effects of wind velocity, air permeability of the outer fabric and inner porous fibrous material, are examined and discussed.
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Yisong Chen, Zhe Bian and Yuyao Bian
This study aims to explore the thermal reflectance of fabrics under sunlight or other thermal radiation sources at various color temperatures.
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to explore the thermal reflectance of fabrics under sunlight or other thermal radiation sources at various color temperatures.
Design/methodology/approach
This study analyzed the spectral distribution of sunlight at different solar altitude angles as well as the spectral distribution characteristics of other light and thermal radiation sources, pointing out that their color temperatures can be used to identify their spectral distribution domains. Reflectance, transmittance, absorptance and color temperature domain reflectance of 35 different fibers and color fabrics were tested in a wide spectral range. The different behavior of these optical parameters in the segmented spectrum is discussed. The temperature rise tests demonstrate that the reflectance corresponding to the color temperature of the radiation sources is highly correlated with the temperature rise results.
Findings
The reflectance in the color temperature domain shows a strong correlation with the radiation source at same color temperature. The correlation coefficients for the 6,000 K xenon lamp test are −0.96 and −0.90 in two groups, and for the 3,200 K tungsten iodine lamp test are −0.87 and −0.90 as well.
Originality/value
The concept of fabric thermal reflectance in the color temperature domain was first introduced to match different thermal radiation sources. Validation of temperature rise is conducted through a self-constructed tester with unidirectional adiabatic heating. This new discovery could serve as a basis for developing functional fabric or clothing, such as sun-proof clothing, fire protection clothing, etc.
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THE need to increase the productivity of British industry is a common topic and when it is discussed the more economic use of manpower is inevitably raised. What is often lost…
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THE need to increase the productivity of British industry is a common topic and when it is discussed the more economic use of manpower is inevitably raised. What is often lost sight of is the fact that future gains of productivity will be derived, as they were in the past, from a wider use of better machines rather than from more intensive effort by human beings. Such machines are expensive. Some of them, like the sophisticated machine tools described by the grandiose name of ‘machining centres’, are extremely costly.
J. Fan and J.H. Keighley
This article introduces a new technique for the design and construction of manikins used for the assessment of thermal insulation clothing. In such a manikin, the skin is made of…
Abstract
This article introduces a new technique for the design and construction of manikins used for the assessment of thermal insulation clothing. In such a manikin, the skin is made of waterproof fabrics, and heated water circulates inside the body. This manikin is considerably cheaper to construct than any existing copper manikin and it can be easily used for routine tests for outdoor and military garments. Detailed considerations in the design and construction of such a fabric manikin are presented here.
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C.A. Wilson, B.E. Niven and R.M. Laing
The purposes of this work were to determine: whether thickness of single layers can be used to accurately predict thickness and thermal resistance of multiple layer assemblies;…
Abstract
The purposes of this work were to determine: whether thickness of single layers can be used to accurately predict thickness and thermal resistance of multiple layer assemblies; and to identify variables affecting the total thickness (i.e. textile plus air layers) of bedding during simulated use. Thickness was determined when: materials were flat; and arranged over an infant manikin simulating use. Thermal resistance was measured using a guarded‐hotplate similar to that specified in ISO 11092:1993(E). During simulated use, the site of measurement, body position, tucking, and product type significantly affected thickness of bedding. Equations for predicting thickness and thermal resistance (dry) of multiple‐layer materials are described. While it was possible to predict thickness and thermal resistance of flat bedding from estimated values, extrapolation to bedding during simulated use was considered inappropriate, with significant differences of over 1,000 per cent.
Offers a practical guide to the Valuation and Community ChargeTribunals (VCCT) which now list large numbers of appeals against the newrating assessments for hearings. Outlines…
Abstract
Offers a practical guide to the Valuation and Community Charge Tribunals (VCCT) which now list large numbers of appeals against the new rating assessments for hearings. Outlines methods for the preparation and presentation of evidence for hearings.
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Discusses why there should be mechanisms for the settlement of valuationdisputes. The various forms are: the Lands Tribunals in the UK; localtribunals and courts; arbitrations;…
Abstract
Discusses why there should be mechanisms for the settlement of valuation disputes. The various forms are: the Lands Tribunals in the UK; local tribunals and courts; arbitrations; pre‐trial reviews; mediation or conciliation; the role of the valuer when involved in litigation; the role of the bench. Suggests a possible system – local tribunals without power to award costs; appeals to a technical tribunal, hearings being de novo, the tribunal having power to award costs; appeals thereafter to the courts on points of law only. Looks at: the differences between the roles of the advocate and the expert witness and the duties of an expert witness. Gives an outline of the rules as to admissibility of valuation evidence; the leading cases and some practical points about giving evidence. Discusses combining the roles of expert witness and advocate.