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Article
Publication date: 1 November 1965

W.H. Ailor

With the completion last year of a tropical marine site on the island of Aruba, Reynolds Metals Co., Richmond, Virginia, USA, now has long‐term atmospheric test facilities…

20

Abstract

With the completion last year of a tropical marine site on the island of Aruba, Reynolds Metals Co., Richmond, Virginia, USA, now has long‐term atmospheric test facilities covering a wide range of natural environments. This report is compiled by the company's senior corrosion engineer. Testing locations include Richmond, Virginia; Phoenix, Arizona; Corpus Christi, Texas; Kure Beach, North Carolina; McCook, Illinois; Manila, Philippine Islands; and Denge Marsh and Widnes, England. Panels are on test also at Arenzano, Italy; Bohus‐Malmon, Sweden; and on a Gulf of Mexico's drill platform. Exposed materials include specimens of bare, painted and colour anodised wrought and extruded aluminium as well as screen wire, fencing, busbar and special products. Stressed and unstressed aluminium is exposed, together with zinc, steel and copper alloys, for calibration and comparison. The programme started in 1956 now includes over 20,000 test specimens. Data on changes in mechanical properties and corrosion rates derived from the tests are handled on a computer.

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Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 12 no. 11
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

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Article
Publication date: 1 July 1981

Zaki Ahmed

Velocity Velocity affects the kinetics of the dissolution of the protective film mainly. After the velocity has reached a critical level it may cause dissolution by erosion. Jet…

79

Abstract

Velocity Velocity affects the kinetics of the dissolution of the protective film mainly. After the velocity has reached a critical level it may cause dissolution by erosion. Jet impingement tests have been devised to check the susceptibility of various materials to velocity. The corrosion of aluminium depends to a large degree on the sea water velocity. The corrosion rates of various materials in synthetic sea water having velocities from 2 to 16 m/sec at 20°C‐have been measured and with increased velocity the rate of corrosion was found to have increased and aluminium is not too much of an exception. About 2.3 m/s is the conventional agreed figure for aluminium and most users agree with it.

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Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 28 no. 7
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

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Article
Publication date: 1 November 1985

S.M. El‐Sawy

Corrosion has been defined as the destruction of metal by chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment. Methods of corrosion control become more and more important as…

33

Abstract

Corrosion has been defined as the destruction of metal by chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment. Methods of corrosion control become more and more important as we are increasingly concerned about conserving our natural resources. For effective control of corrosion, we must have a thorough understanding of its nature and methods of measurements. Little correlation exist between laboratory tests and field performance. Atmospheric exposure tests are required to determine the relative aggressiveness of the environment to a variety of materials that might be selected for use. The development of data for this purpose makes possible a suitable selection of materials. Atmospheric small scale tests can often be made the basis of positive statement about the durability of metals, alloys, metal couples and painted metals on large structures and it needs very careful planning and preparation.

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Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 32 no. 11
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

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Article
Publication date: 1 September 1985

This report is taken from the recently published 1984 Annual Report of the International Tin Research Council, Fraser Road, Greenford Middx

53

Abstract

This report is taken from the recently published 1984 Annual Report of the International Tin Research Council, Fraser Road, Greenford Middx

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Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 14 no. 9
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 1 September 1985

Hannah Roon

The divinity involved in the outcome of any materialistic pursuit, must essentially consist of the human beings who have been progressively involved in it. The products, of…

31

Abstract

The divinity involved in the outcome of any materialistic pursuit, must essentially consist of the human beings who have been progressively involved in it. The products, of course, are of critical importance but, again in the last analysis, their form and quality are wholly dependent on people. While all human beings and races are of honourable estate, some are indisputably better equipped to create wealth, just as others are better equipped to create great works of art‐painting, writing and the making of music. So far as proof of the former ability is concerned, we need look no further than Germany or Japan. Crippled after World War 2 they were, in hardly any time at all, out in front of those nations untouched by the conflict, to say nothing of the successful commercial fight they wage against the victors. Why should this be?

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Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 14 no. 9
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 1 January 1986

Zaki Ahmad

One of the most pressing problems of our times is the supply of adequate quantities of drinking water in areas not bestowed with abundant natural resources. Studies have shown the…

130

Abstract

One of the most pressing problems of our times is the supply of adequate quantities of drinking water in areas not bestowed with abundant natural resources. Studies have shown the desalting of seawater to be economically sound for certain localities. Of all the available methods, the multi‐stage flash distillation is a proven method. The MSF type desalination plants may be operated independently (single purpose) or linked to power stations (dual purpose). In the MSF type desalination plants, the largest single item of cost is heat exchanger tubes. Design studies have shown that about one‐tenth of a square foot of condensing surface is required to produce one gallon of fresh water per day. For a combined capacity of one billion gallons per day at ¼ sq. ft. of tube, a tube length of 80,000 miles would be required. In MSF type desalination plants, the initial capital cost swallows up to 33% of the money, operating costs about 21% and the remaining 26% goes on power. The colossal amount of heat exchanger surface required in MSF type plants makes it mandatory to investigate new condenser tube materials which may provide ease of fabrication, maximise economy and be abundantly available.

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Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 33 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

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Article
Publication date: 11 January 2011

Güray Kilinççeker, Nurşen Taze, Hasan Galip and Birgül Yazici

The purpose of this paper is to study, under laboratory conditions, the corrosive effect of sulfur dioxide (SO2) present in the atmosphere of urban and industrial areas on various…

1159

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study, under laboratory conditions, the corrosive effect of sulfur dioxide (SO2) present in the atmosphere of urban and industrial areas on various construction materials.

Design/methodology/approach

Iron, copper and brass metals were exposed to SO2 gas at different relative humidities that were obtained using analytical grade glycerol and water mixtures. The corrosion rates (mdd) of the samples were determined over 120 h using the weight‐loss method under fixed relative humidity (rH) conditions. The change of galvanic current was measured as a function of exposure time over 196 h. Nyquist diagrams were obtained in 10−3 M Na2SO4 solutions with a pH value of 7.2, which was assumed to correspond to 100 percent rH conditions.

Findings

The obtained data showed that the corrosion rate of the studied metals increased with increasing rH. The corrosion rate of the metals decreased with exposure time, due to accumulation of corrosion products over the surface of the metals. However, the surface films of corrosion products on the metal surfaces were not stable and the corrosion rate increased again with time when the surface film disappeared.

Research limitations/implications

The atmospheric corrosion of the industrial materials is dependent upon the rH and SO2 concentration. The corrosive effect of SO2 present in the atmosphere of urban and industrial areas on various construction materials can be tested under laboratory conditions.

Originality/value

The effects of SO2 and NH3 on the atmospheric corrosion of galvanized iron and the effect of rH on the atmospheric corrosion of defective organic coating materials were reported in literature. In this study, the corrosive effect of SO2 present in the atmosphere of urban and industrial areas on various construction materials (iron, copper and brass) under laboratory conditions was studied.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 58 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

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Article
Publication date: 15 March 2013

Ali Ghanbarzadeh, Jaber Neshati, Mohammad Reza Bagherzadeh and Shahram Ghanizadeh

The purpose of this paper is to draw up an atmospheric corrosion map for an industrial zone to determine the best coating system for each location.

345

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to draw up an atmospheric corrosion map for an industrial zone to determine the best coating system for each location.

Design/methodology/approach

The outdoor atmospheric corrosion rate was measured at eight locations distributed in an oil refinery during a year. Corrosion rates were measured by weight loss of carbon steel coupons, according to ISO Standard 9223. Weathering conditions, including temperature, time of wetness, and atmospheric pollution such as chloride precipitation and sulfur content also were measured. The results were analyzed using “Surfer 8” software and the corrosion map of the refinery was derived.

Findings

An atmospheric corrosion map was derived for the oil refinery. By this approach, coating system for equipment can be selected based exactly on where the plant item is located.

Originality/value

Exterior coating systems for equipment now can be selected based on their application, regardless of their position in any refinery. In this article, an atmospheric corrosion map was developed for a refinery for the first time. The position of equipment on the corrosion map is a new parameter that should be considered for coating system selection.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 60 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

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Article
Publication date: 1 March 1986

A.H.C. Hendriks

The influence of corrosive gases on the solderability of palladium/silver thick‐film conductors has been investigated. An experimental set‐up for atmospheric corrosion testing has…

32

Abstract

The influence of corrosive gases on the solderability of palladium/silver thick‐film conductors has been investigated. An experimental set‐up for atmospheric corrosion testing has been constructed in which atmospheres can be created comparable to a heavily polluted industrial environment. Various Pd/Ag thick‐film conductors have been submitted for 14 days to flowing atmospheres containing 1 ppm SO2, 15, 0·2 or 0·04 ppm H2S, 1 ppm NO2, 1 ppm O3 and 0·05 ppm Cl2, separately or in various combinations. When used separately, only H2S causes a poor solderability of the thick‐film conductors. This effect on the solderability turns out to be independent of the H2S concentration; even concentrations as low as 0·04 ppm cause identical corrosion phenomena. The other gases mixed with H2S have a synergistic effect on the corrosion process.

Details

Microelectronics International, vol. 3 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1356-5362

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Article
Publication date: 1 November 2006

V. Torres‐Mendoza, F.J. Rodríguez‐Gómez, E.M. García‐Ochoa and J. Genesca

The aim of this work is to evaluate the electrochemical noise (EN) method as a way of evaluating quickly the aggressiveness of natural atmospheres.

345

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this work is to evaluate the electrochemical noise (EN) method as a way of evaluating quickly the aggressiveness of natural atmospheres.

Design/methodology/approach

Wire‐on‐bolt tests were used, which implies an exposure of at least three months of bimetallic specimens such as aluminium wire/steel bolt and aluminium wire/copper bolt (CLIMAT units). Electrochemical noise measurements (ENM) also were used.

Findings

EN is a powerful tool in the assessing of aggressiveness of atmospheres in short time exposure. Statistical analyses of EN were carried out and provided clear differences between atmospheres depending on pollutants. Results of noise resistance (Rn), root mean square of current (Irms) and localization index are discussed.

Research limitations/implications

The possible application of ENM to atmospheric corrosion is interesting from a practical point of view. However, more experiments are necessary in order to test a wide range of atmospheres.

Practical implications

EN has proved to be a useful tool when localised corrosion is detected and the presence of chlorides in atmospheres, due to sea fog, results in pitting on the metallic samples.

Originality/value

Illustrates that electrochemical noise can be a powerful tool for assessing the aggressiveness of natural atmospheres.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 53 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

Keywords

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