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Article
Publication date: 1 June 1962

A. CAMERON and W.G. ROBERTSON

The complete Reynolds Equation in 3‐dimensions is derived by three methods which differ basically in the way in which the continuity condition is applied. The apparent divisions…

249

Abstract

The complete Reynolds Equation in 3‐dimensions is derived by three methods which differ basically in the way in which the continuity condition is applied. The apparent divisions of the mechanisms of hydro‐dynamic lubrication which are suggested by these derivations, such as “wedge,” “squeeze” terms etc. are compared and it is shown that such a division is in every case somewhat arbitrary, since it merely depends on the volume to which the continuity condition is applied. A form of the Reynolds Equation is given for the case where both surfaces are curved (as in gears, for example), the x‐axis being taken along the common tangent at the contact zone. The reason for the differences in the forms of the equation derived in this paper and that given by Reynolds in his original paper, is pointed out to avoid possible confusion. The error involved in neglecting the variation in the horizontal surface velocity component of a journal bearing is considered. This is shown to be negligible under typical operating conditions.

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Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 14 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

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Article
Publication date: 1 May 1971

G.M. Hamilton

PREVIOUS ARTICLES IN THIS SERIES HAVE DESCRIBED THE WORK AT THE THREE CENTRES OF TRIBOLOGY (SWANSEA, JULY '70, LEEDS, SEPTEMBER '70 and RISLEY, APRIL '71) READING IS NOT A…

30

Abstract

PREVIOUS ARTICLES IN THIS SERIES HAVE DESCRIBED THE WORK AT THE THREE CENTRES OF TRIBOLOGY (SWANSEA, JULY '70, LEEDS, SEPTEMBER '70 and RISLEY, APRIL '71) READING IS NOT A TRIBOLOGY CENTRE AS DEFINED IN THE JOST REPORT AND SO EMPHASIS IS MORE ON FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH AND TEACHING RATHER THAN PROVIDING A SERVICE FOR LOCAL INDUSTRY, BUT LOCAL INDUSTRY DOES, NEVERTHELESS SUPPORT THEIR WORK.

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Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 23 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

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Book part
Publication date: 12 April 2021

Cesar Saenz

Abstract

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Creating Shared Value to get Social License to Operate in the Extractive Industry
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-83909-924-3

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Article
Publication date: 1 April 1982

H. FELKEL, M. JIŘINA and R. FEUEREISL

The authors describe phenomological and mathematical models of airways compressibility. A detailed demonstration is given of deprivation and practical results of the…

24

Abstract

The authors describe phenomological and mathematical models of airways compressibility. A detailed demonstration is given of deprivation and practical results of the identification of parameters and quantification of initial resistance (Ro), lung elasticity (E), airways collapsibility (Q) and alveolar elasticity (collapsibility) (O). A mathematical model completed in this way is important for interpreting more precisely resistance loops registered by Bodytest‐apparatus and, especially, for increasing their importance for the diagnosis of breathing disorders.

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Kybernetes, vol. 11 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0368-492X

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Article
Publication date: 29 May 2020

Manish Kumar Chatli, Rajesh V. Wagh, Nitin Mehta, Pavan Kumar and Om Prakash Malav

The physical, biomechanical and chemical properties of the composite biodegradable films are examined by their chemical composition, structure, processing conditions and…

243

Abstract

Purpose

The physical, biomechanical and chemical properties of the composite biodegradable films are examined by their chemical composition, structure, processing conditions and economics. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to develop standard composite biodegradable films by optimizing the process (drying time and temperature) and composition (whey protein concentrate; WPC and sodium alginate; SA).

Design/methodology/approach

Composite WPC–SA films were developed using the Box–Behnken design of response surface methodology (RSM), with individual and interactive effects of process variables on the response variables (quality characteristics). Three independent factors at three different levels (WPC: 5–7 g, SA: 0.1–0.5 g and drying temperature: 35°C–45°C) were evaluated for their effects on physical and biomechanical properties, namely, thickness, penetrability, moisture content, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), density, solubility, transmittance and color variables. The results were analyzed using ANOVA. For each response, second-order polynomial regression models and resulting equations were developed.

Findings

The response surface plots were constructed for representing a relationship between process parameters and responses. All responses were optimized as the best and desired, namely, thickness (180 µm), penetrability (7.63 N), moisture (28.05%), WVTR (1.87 mg/m2t), solubility (36.12%), density (1.33 g/ml), transmittance (40.55%), L* value (52.50), a* value (0.35) and b* value (13.70). The regression models exhibited “good fit” of experimental data with a high coefficient of determination. A close agreement was found between experimental and predicted values.

Practical implications

These biodegradable films can be promisingly used in the food packaging system without the problem of disposability.

Originality/value

The composite films with proteins and polysaccharides can be developed, which have improved physical and biomechanical properties.

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Nutrition & Food Science , vol. 51 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0034-6659

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Article
Publication date: 12 July 2013

Neda Lotfi Yagin, Reza Mahdavi and Zeinab Nikniaz

Although black tea is commonly consumed in Iran, within the last years the popularity of green tea, especially green tea bags, has dramatically increased due to all scientific…

377

Abstract

Purpose

Although black tea is commonly consumed in Iran, within the last years the popularity of green tea, especially green tea bags, has dramatically increased due to all scientific papers reporting that green tea has benefit impacts on human health. Considering the postulated role of increased dietary oxalate intake on calcium oxalate stone formation, this paper aimed to study the oxalate content of most popular green and black tea bags consumed in Iran.

Design/methodology/approach

Five green tea samples and ten black tea samples were purchased from various markets in Tabriz, Iran. The oxalate content of each sample after infusion for five minutes was measured in triplicate using an enzymatic assay. Statistical analysis used: the ANOVA with Tukey's post‐hoc test, and also an independent t‐test were used for statistical analysis.

Findings

The oxalate concentration in different brands of green tea bags ranged from 0.73 to 1.75 and from 3.69 to 6.31 mg/240 ml for black tea bags. There were significant differences in oxalate content of different brands, both in green and black tea bags (P<0.001). The mean oxalate content of green and black tea samples also differed significantly from each other (P<0.001).

Originality/value

From the oxalate point of view, consumption of green and black tea bags infusions several times per day may not pose significant health risks in kidney stone patients and susceptible individuals.

Details

Nutrition & Food Science, vol. 43 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0034-6659

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Article
Publication date: 3 March 2023

Alexandra Idoko, Ernest Mbamalu Ezeh, Obiechinne Chigbue Philip, Onubuiwe Nelson Nwali, Patrick Okechukwu Ugwudike, Peter Chinedu Agu, Tadese Adediura Ayomide, Anne Nebeolisa Onyinye and Nneoma Okoroha Blessing

The purpose of this study was to examined the health effects of raw and cooked aqueous and methanol extracts of Vigna unguiculata on kidney function in Wistar rats.

30

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examined the health effects of raw and cooked aqueous and methanol extracts of Vigna unguiculata on kidney function in Wistar rats.

Design/methodology/approach

Thirty-six Wistar rats (weighing 160 ± 10 g) were randomly assigned into nine (9) groups (n = 4). Group I (control): no extract. Groups II and III (aqueous extract of the cooked 350 mg/kg and 550 mg/kg). Groups IV and V (methanol extracts of cooked 350 mg/kg and 550 mg/kg). Groups VI and VII (methanol extracts of raw 350 mg/kg and 550 mg/kg). Groups VIII and IX (aqueous extract of raw 350 mg/kg and 550 mg/kg). After the seventh day of the trial, the rats were euthanized with chloroform, and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis.

Findings

Results showed that the doses applied for cooked and raw V. unguiculata significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced kidney functions by increasing the body weight, glucose level, concentration of serum urea, creatinine, total protein, potassium and chloride in test groups compared with control. The packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentrations of raw aqueous extract at 550 mg/kg (36.5 ± 5.1; 12.3 ± 2.8) were significantly (p = 0.001) higher (29.8 ± 11.8; 10.3 ± 3.9) than the 350 mg/kg dose of the same extract, and cooked aqueous extract at 350 mg/kg dose was significantly (p = 0.001) higher (28.0 ± 10.1; 9.3 ± 3.4) than that of 550 mg/kg (25.8 ± 4.9; 8.8 ± 3.9) dose of the extracts.

Originality/value

The nutritional content of V. unguiculata potentially can augment the nutritional content of a diet and to a large extent, the regular consumers’ health. Essentially, V. unguiculata is composed of both macro and micronutrients capable of promoting normal kidney function.

Details

Nutrition & Food Science , vol. 53 no. 7
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0034-6659

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Article
Publication date: 16 November 2012

Jan Willem van Gelder, Laura German and Rob Bailis

The global biofuels sector has expanded rapidly in the past decade, with feedstock expansion penetrating many tropical areas. While the emerging demand for biofuels represents an…

3641

Abstract

Purpose

The global biofuels sector has expanded rapidly in the past decade, with feedstock expansion penetrating many tropical areas. While the emerging demand for biofuels represents an opportunity for developing countries, it also poses a host of social and environmental risks. Large investments are needed to finance expansion of biofuel and feedstock production, suggesting that the financial sector may have a crucial role to play in mitigating these risks. This paper seeks to explore the role of financiers in expanding biofuel feedstock production and refining in tropical forest‐rich countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America to better understand the role and future potential of responsible finance in the biofuel sector.

Design/methodology/approach

The analysis draws on published data and reports from academia, industry, governments, civil society and the press, to quantify the magnitude and source of investments made from 2000‐2010 in 16 countries sampled from “ecoregions” subject to high rates of forest conversion, weak land tenure institutions, and vulnerable communities.

Findings

It is found that the case study countries received USD 5.3‐7.3 billion for feedstock production and USD 5.7‐6.7 billion for biofuel refining between 2000 and 2009. This was financed by a mix of entrepreneurs, private banks, investors, governments and multilateral banks. While no clear patterns emerge, foreign banks and institutional investors rank as “important” for most feedstocks and regions. Multilateral banks and domestic institutional investors seem to be the least important. Few financiers have criteria in place in order to ensure sustainable investing practices, and those who do tend to have policies of limited quality.

Originality/value

While much has been written on biofuel sustainability and governance, there is little research that delineates the nature of investment and finance in the sector.

Details

Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, vol. 3 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2040-8021

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Book part
Publication date: 14 October 2009

Rune Elvik, Alena Høye, Truls Vaa and Michael Sørensen

Abstract

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The Handbook of Road Safety Measures
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-84855-250-0

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Book part
Publication date: 16 December 2017

Masazumi Wakatabe

This chapter investigates the nature of the transformation of macroeconomics by focusing on the impact of the Great Depression on economic doctrines. There is no doubt that the…

Abstract

This chapter investigates the nature of the transformation of macroeconomics by focusing on the impact of the Great Depression on economic doctrines. There is no doubt that the Great Depression exerted an enormous influence on economic thought, but the exact nature of its impact should be examined more carefully. In this chapter, I examine the transformation from a perspective which emphasizes the interaction between economic ideas and economic events, and the interaction between theory and policy rather than the development of economic theory. More specifically, I examine the evolution of what became known as macroeconomics after the Depression in terms of an ongoing debate among the “stabilizers” and their critics. I further suggest using four perspectives, or schools of thought, as measures to locate the evolution and transformation; the gold standard mentality, liquidationism, the Treasury view, and the real-bills doctrine. By highlighting these four economic ideas, I argue that what happened during the Great Depression was the retreat of the gold standard mentality, the complete demise of liquidationism and the Treasury view, and the strange survival of the real-bills doctrine. Each of those transformations happened not in response to internal debates in the discipline, but in response to government policies and real-world events.

Details

Including a Symposium on New Directions in Sraffa Scholarship
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78714-539-9

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