Search results

The Colebrook equation for determination of hydraulic resistances is implicit in fluid flow friction factor and hence it has to be approximately solved using iterative procedure or using some of the approximate explicit formulas developed by many authors. The purpose of this paper is to compare different Lambert W based solutions of the Colebrook equation and to make comparisons among them and identify some constraints in applicability of certain solutions.

Alternate mathematically equivalents to the implicit Colebrook equation in explicit form with no approximation involved actually exist.

These alternate equations were developed using Lambert W‐function. The paper compares various implementations of the Lambert W methodology and shows that some of these are less able than others to yield solutions using modern computer hardware. This is because the functions require the evaluation of terms with numerical values outside the ranges that can be expressed on most computers.

Some of existed transformations cannot be applied for high values of relative roughness of inner pipe surface and the Reynolds number. This limitation applied only for computer computations. Other presented transformations do not sufferer of this limitation.

Presented procedures can be easily implemented in a computer code. Recommended solution can be used in all cases that can occur in engineering practice.

The paper shows some possible practical procedures for solution of the transformed Colebrook equation. Accuracy analysis and comparisons of presented formulas are also performed and recommendation for use is shown.

Structural mentoring barriers are policies, practices and cultural norms that collectively disadvantage marginalized groups and perpetuate disparities in mentoring. This study aims to better understand structural mentoring barriers at the postdoctoral training stage, which has a direct impact on faculty diversity and national efforts to retain underrepresented groups in research careers.

A diverse sample of postdoctoral scholars (“postdocs”) from across the USA were asked to participate in focus groups to discuss their training experiences. The authors conducted five 90-min focus groups with 32 biomedical postdocs, including 20 (63%) women and 15 (47%) individuals from underrepresented racial/ethnic groups (URG).

A social-ecological framework was used to categorize both the upstream and downstream manifestations of structural mentoring barriers, as well as mentoring barriers, overall. Notable structural barriers included: academic politics and scientific hierarchy; inequalities resulting from mentor prestige; the (over) reliance on one mentor; the lack of formal training for academic and non-academic careers; and the lack of institutional diversity and institutional mentor training. To overcome these barriers, postdocs strongly encouraged developing a network or team of mentors and recommended institutional interventions that create more comprehensive professional development, mentorship and belonging.

For postdoctoral scientists, structural mentoring barriers can permeate down to institutional, interpersonal and individual levels, impeding a successful transition to an independent research career. This work provides strong evidence for promoting mentorship networks and cultivating a “mentoring milieu” that fosters a supportive community and a strong culture of mentorship at all levels.

Two major reform movements have shaped child and adolescent mental health services over the past quarter-century: the Systems of Care movement, and more recently, the movement toward evidence-based practice. Results from several studies indicate that youth served in traditional residential or inpatient care may experience difficulty re-entering their natural environments, or were released into physically and emotionally unsafe homes (Bruns & Burchard, 2000; President's Commission on Mental Health, 1978; Stortz, 2000; Stroul & Friedman, 1986; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999). The cost of hospitalizing youth also became a policy concern (Henggeler et al., 1999b; Kielser, 1993; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999). For example, it is estimated that from the late 1980s through 1990 inpatient treatment consumed nearly half of all expenditures for child and adolescent mental health care although the services were found not to be very effective (Burns, 1991; Burns & Friedman, 1990). More recent analyses indicate that at least 1/3 of all mental health expenditures for youth are associated with inpatient hospitalization (Ringel & Sturm, 2001).

[In view of the approaching Conference of the Library Association at Perth, the following note on the Leighton Library may not be inopportune. Dunblane is within an hour's railway journey from Perth and has a magnificent cathedral, founded in the twelfth century, which is well worthy of a visit.]

THE topics of the Library Association Conference and the election of the Council of the Association naturally absorb a great deal of attention this month. To deal with the second first: there were few novelties in the nominations, and most of the suggested new Councillors are good people; so that a fairly good Council should result. The unique thing, as we imagine, about the Library Association is the number of vice‐presidents, all of whom have Council privileges. These are not elected by the members but by the Council, and by the retiring Council; they occupy a position analagous to aldermen in town councils, and are not amenable to the choice or desires of the members at large. There are enough of them, too, if they care to be active, to dominate the Council. Fortunately, good men are usually elected, but recently there has been a tendency to elect comparatively young men to what are virtually perpetual seats on the Council, simply, if one may judge from the names, because these men occupy certain library positions. It, therefore; is all the more necessary that the electors see that men who really represent the profession get the seats that remain.

This paper aims to derive the conditions under which a financial services firm will want to hire a compliance services company and show how much money they should spend.

This paper uses a mathematical model to show the intuition behind many of the compliance decisions that cost financial services firms billions every year.

This paper finds that hiring compliance firms may save banks and brokerages money. However, their advice may lead to an embarrass de riches – whereby the lower compliance costs and higher profit advantages they confer may lead to more regulation. Regulators may furthermore tighten regulation – with the expectation that financial service firms will adapt somehow. This paper presents a fresh perspective on the Menon hypothesis, deriving conditions under which financial regulations help the competitiveness of an international financial centre.

The paper represents one of the first and only models of compliance spending by financial services firms.

This paper provides five potential policy responses for dealing with ever ratcheting financial regulations.

The paper hopefully launches literature on the compliance service industry – and the buy-or-do decision to engage in financial services compliance. This paper finds that efficient compliance can hurt firms, by encouraging regulation. This paper shows how firms can forestall the extra regulation that comes with easier internet and computerised monitoring.

A system of care is a function-specific, rather than agency-specific approach defined as a “comprehensive spectrum of mental health and other necessary services which are organized into a coordinated network to meet the multiple and changing needs of children and adolescents with severe emotional disturbances and their families” (Stroul & Friedman, 1986). A system of care provides a mental health delivery system for children with SED with a wide array of accessible, community-based services that focus on children's individual needs, include the family in treatment planning, and provide culturally competent services. System of care services are provided by multiple child serving agencies and are collaborative and coordinated (Stroul & Friedman, 1986).

This study aims to develop a compact analytical models for undoped symmetric double-gate MOSFET based on carrier approach. Double-Gate (DG) MOSFET is a newly emerging device that can potentially further scale down CMOS technology owing to its excellent control of short channel effects, ideal subthreshold slope and free dopant-associated fluctuation effects. DG MOSFET is of two types: the symmetric DG MOSFET with two gates of identical work functions and asymmetric DG MOSFET with two gates of different work functions. To fully exploit the benefits of DG MOSFETs, the body of DG MOSFETs is usually undoped because the undoped body greatly reduces source and drain junction capacitances, which enhances the switching speed. Highly accurate and compact models, which are at the same time computationally efficient, are required for proper modeling of DG MOSFETs.

This paper presents a carrier-based approach to develop a compact analytical model for the channel potential, threshold voltage and drain current of a long channel undoped symmetric DG MOSFETs. The formulation starts from a solution of the 2-D Poisson’s equation in which mobile charge term has been included. The 2-D Poisson’s equation in rectangular coordinate system has been solved by splitting the total potential into long-channel (1-D Poisson’s equation) and short-channel components (remnant 2-D differential equation) in accordance to the device physics. The analytical model of the channel potential has been derived using Boltzmann’s statistics and carrier-based approach.

It is shown that the metal gate suppresses the center potential more than the poly gate. The threshold voltage increases with increasing metal work function. The results of the proposed models have been validated against the Technology Computer Aided Design simulation results with close agreement.

Compact Analytical models for undoped symmetric double gate MOSFETs.

Through a review of historically famous cases and a chronicle of neurotechnology development, this chapter discusses brain structure and brain function as two distinct yet interrelated paths to understand the relative contributions of anatomical and physiological mechanisms to the human brain–behavior relationship. From an organizational neuroscience perspective, the chapter describes over a dozen neuroimaging technologies that are classified under four groupings: morphologic, invasive metabolic, noninvasive metabolic, and electromagnetic. We then discuss neuroimaging variables that may be useful in social science investigations, and we underscore electroencephalography as a particularly useful modality for the study of individuals and groups in organizational settings. The chapter concludes by considering emerging science and novel brain technologies for the organizational researcher as we look to the future.

The use of data in the twenty-first century to improve expert decision-making has radically transformed what it means to be an expert in multiple fields, including behavioural healthcare. This chapter summarises the impact on information technology on the field, including use of digital platforms to enable video therapy and online cognitive behavioural therapy programmes. The chapter is intended for practitioners seeking information on how to be a twenty-first century expert, where years of education and experience matter less compared to evidence of performance in the form of solid outcome data. Key to the use of outcome data is expertise in how to use questionnaires in therapy and how to interpret results, both at the individual client level as well as overall results across multiple clients. A twenty-first century expert measures are not simply to measure outcomes but to improve results over time. Failure to incorporate the use of data into routine practice ignores an evidence based practice with decades of evidence as to its effectiveness, potentially resulting in suboptimal care.