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Article
Publication date: 1 March 1988

Willem J.M. Heijman

Until recently, general economic theory has hardly paid any attention to the production factor “nature”. Human economy has been characterised as a closed system, in which all…

124

Abstract

Until recently, general economic theory has hardly paid any attention to the production factor “nature”. Human economy has been characterised as a closed system, in which all kinds of products are produced through the input of the production factors “labour” and “capital” and then consumed. This appears to be no longer valid. Human economy interferes with the environment and is therefore an open system. Nowadays the consequences of this are thoroughly investigated in environmental economics, a borderland between economics on the one hand and ecology on the other. The purpose of this article is to contribute to this line of thought. The production factor “nature” can be seen as a stock of capital, one part of which consists of non‐renewable resources and the other of renewable resources. This latter has a limited renewal capacity. Both kinds of resources are exhaustible. Human production reduces total stock, so that the change in it is the result of depletion of nature by production and of natural renewal. If natural renewal equals human expenditure of nature, one can speak of a steady state. In the next section, a brief discussion of an efficiency rule for the use of exhaustible resources is followed by an examination of renewable resources. As opposed to non‐renewable resources, ecological aspects play a major part in the optimum management of this kind of resource. The concept of the “optimum steady state” is developed to show the ecological constraints of human production insofar as it is based on the stock of renewable resources. Finally, there is a discussion on two types of nature‐conserving technological change, which could widen the ecological borders.

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International Journal of Social Economics, vol. 15 no. 3/4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0306-8293

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Article
Publication date: 1 March 1988

W. Heijman

Future needs play an important part in economic action. They urge private householders as well as society as a whole to choose between the immediate consumption of income and the…

103

Abstract

Future needs play an important part in economic action. They urge private householders as well as society as a whole to choose between the immediate consumption of income and the saving of income for present and future satisfaction. In this situation of choice in economic conduct, Böhm‐Bawerk (1851–1914), the well‐known Austrian economist of the second generation, analysed the subject of time preference and put forward an explanation for interest. The aim of this essay is to review this theory and to assess its significance for present‐day economics.

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Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 15 no. 3/4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0144-3585

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Article
Publication date: 1 September 1993

Jacob J. Krabbe

After looking at the physiocratic idea of production, examines thesocial process of “environmental economic engineering”,focused on sustainability of production. Gives attention…

102

Abstract

After looking at the physiocratic idea of production, examines the social process of “environmental economic engineering”, focused on sustainability of production. Gives attention to the role of technology in this process. Expresses sustainability criteria in the magnitudes time preference, depletion of natural stocks, population growth, and technical progress. It appears that technical progress must offset the other magnitudes mentioned.

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International Journal of Social Economics, vol. 20 no. 9
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0306-8293

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Book part
Publication date: 15 June 2012

Samuli Leppälä and Pierre Desrochers

Besides subjectivism (in terms of value and cost) and the market process approach (as opposed to mainstream economics’ equilibrium analysis), methodological individualism is a…

Abstract

Besides subjectivism (in terms of value and cost) and the market process approach (as opposed to mainstream economics’ equilibrium analysis), methodological individualism is a foundational methodological principle of Austrian economics. While being (arguably) more consistently and consciously practiced within Austrian economics, methodological individualism is far from unique to this tradition and is a well-recognized principle of inquiry in the social sciences (Watkins, 1952a, 1952b). Needless to say though, methodological individualism remains controversial and discussions of its true meaning and adequateness periodically resurface in the philosophy of science literature (Hodgson, 2007; Udehn, 2002).

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The Spatial Market Process
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78190-006-2

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Book part
Publication date: 9 November 2023

Armand Kasztelan and Adam Sulich

The transformation towards the Green Economy (GE) in Poland is a relatively new topic for researchers, policymakers and business practitioners. A comprehensive picture of the…

Abstract

Research Background

The transformation towards the Green Economy (GE) in Poland is a relatively new topic for researchers, policymakers and business practitioners. A comprehensive picture of the shift towards the GE can help mentioned groups translate theoretical assumptions into practice.

Purpose of the Article

This chapter presents the assessment of Poland's shift towards the GE, measured by the proposed Green Transformation Index (GTI).

Methodology

The set of GE indicators was elaborated in Structured Literature Review (SLR) variation method. Then, this set of indicators was compared with the Statistics Poland (GUS) secondary data and employed in the taxonometric calculation methods.

Findings

In the result, the GTI for the Polish economy was proposed and calculated between 2007 and 2020. The GTI allowed us to present a dynamic analysis of the transformation towards GE in Poland.

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Article
Publication date: 18 September 2007

Sarah Fleming and Vassiliki Costarelli

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the nutritional intake and body composition of Taekwondo (TKD) athletes during a two‐week period of weight management as they…

1767

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the nutritional intake and body composition of Taekwondo (TKD) athletes during a two‐week period of weight management as they prepare to make weight classification for an international competition.

Design/methodology/approach

Seven male, 17‐28 years old, international TKD athletes were recruited from a known World Taekwondo Federation TKD Club in London. Habitual and pre‐competition dietary intake was assessed using a three‐day and a five‐day food diary, respectively. Body weight and percentage body fat (Holtain Calipers, seven sites) were measured at the beginning of the study and 24h before competition. Body weight was also measured on the day of competition.

Findings

Energy, total carbohydrate, calcium and water intakes were below recommendations for athletes, particularly, before competition and consumption of fat and salt exceeded recommendations. Compared with baseline, the two‐week weight management period induced a significant reduction in the athletes body weight (1.2 per cent, P<0.05), however, there was no significant reduction in percentage body fat which remained stable at a very low average of 3.2 per cent (±0.8). During the 24‐h prior to weigh‐in for competition, the athletes significantly reduced their body weight by a further 3.4 per cent (2.2kg, P<0.05). The dietary analysis showed that the athletes were consuming a sub‐optimal diet both habitually and pre‐competition, which may compromise their performance and short‐ and long‐term health.

Originality/value

There has been a distinctive lack of literature on nutritional studies conducted on TKD athletes. This paper helps to fill that gap.

Details

Nutrition & Food Science, vol. 37 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0034-6659

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Book part
Publication date: 13 June 2023

Dina El Kayaly

Micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprise (MSME) sectors have a strong influence on the Egyptian economy. Yet, effective formulation of integrated cluster along the value chain…

Abstract

Micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprise (MSME) sectors have a strong influence on the Egyptian economy. Yet, effective formulation of integrated cluster along the value chain can lead MSMEs to become international actors in export-oriented activities. An Agro-Industrial Park is an integrated cluster taking into consideration synergetic agglomeration of agribusiness MSMEs assisting in decreasing deprivation of rural territories. This research aims to present the needs of agriculture MSMEs in Egypt, to describe challenges faced by this specific sector, and to set guidelines for a business model integrating small farmers and producers into an integrated agribusiness cluster. The researcher followed purposive/nonprobability sampling technique of 100 MSMEs research participants. A combination of questionnaires and open-ended interviews were the research instruments of choice along with secondary data. This research focused on agribusiness only and specifically MSMEs in Egypt. There is no agribusiness-integrated cluster in Egypt, even though the agricultural land increased significantly in the past 5 years, leading us to believe that it is imperative to develop agribusiness-integrated clusters in the coming few years.

Details

Industry Clusters and Innovation in the Arab World
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-80262-872-2

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Book part
Publication date: 12 February 2025

Emilia Mary Bălan, Cristina Georgiana Zeldea and Laura Mariana Cismaş

Introduction: The bioeconomy is a cross-sectoral domain set out in the dedicated European Commission Strategy 2018, which includes those sectors and systems that are based on…

Abstract

Introduction: The bioeconomy is a cross-sectoral domain set out in the dedicated European Commission Strategy 2018, which includes those sectors and systems that are based on biological resources.

Purpose: An understanding of the bioeconomy’s significance within the EU and the variations in its performance across Member States (MS), thereby informing policymakers and supporting strategic planning efforts to foster sustainable economic growth and resource utilisation within the bioeconomy.

Methodology: Quantitative analysis: the value added at factor cost (VAFC), turnover (TRN), and the number of employed persons (NEP). The research used the database of the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (JRC). The period evaluated was 2008–2021 for the 27 EU MS.

Findings: The bioeconomy contributes to the generation of community GDP by approximately 5%, and the sectoral analysis shows that agriculture, hunting, and related services and the food industry are the most relevant from an economic and social point of view. Of the EU MS, those in the Western part of the continent have the most significant contribution to the Community bioeconomy for the bioeconomy component sectors that are focused on value creation, efficient use of resources, and environmentally friendly activities.

Limitation: The EU’s lack of harmonised statistical data causes difficulties making detailed comparisons between the countries with developed bioeconomies.

Further Research: Advanced research could help strengthen the scientific basis for creating national bioeconomy strategies. Other indicators, such as indicators related to agricultural practices in an ecological system, could bring new and valuable insights.

Details

Green Wealth: Navigating towards a Sustainable Future
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-83662-218-5

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Article
Publication date: 1 January 1990

Jacob J. Krabbe

The character of environmental welfare economics is addressed andthe idea of “nature‐sparing” technology is examined; if theconservation of nature is to work then this kind of…

299

Abstract

The character of environmental welfare economics is addressed and the idea of “nature‐sparing” technology is examined; if the conservation of nature is to work then this kind of technology should replace nature‐affecting technologies. A theory to effect this is formulated and an environmental policy is proposed.

Details

International Journal of Social Economics, vol. 17 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0306-8293

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Book part
Publication date: 17 May 2024

Avinandan Taron and Solomie Gebrezgabher

The global economy is facing a steep challenge from volatility, risk and uncertainty associated with climate change, pandemics, regional conflicts and trade wars which are…

Abstract

The global economy is facing a steep challenge from volatility, risk and uncertainty associated with climate change, pandemics, regional conflicts and trade wars which are unprecedented and overlapping. These crises are leading to macro- and microeconomic imbalances. The immediate effects like rising inflation, shortage of energy and fertiliser, food insecurity, loss of jobs and poverty are looming large, leading to existential threat. It is evident that decades of progress are at risk and pursuing sustainable development goals (SDGs) requires dedicated and customised efforts by the governments and other relevant actors, especially in the low- and middle-income countries (LMICS). The concept of circular economy is considered to bring a paradigm shift by reducing the dependence on natural resource extraction and decoupling economic growth from use of natural resources. Bioeconomy is another emerging field which deals with the use of renewable biological resources such as biomass to produce renewable biofuels, bioproducts, and biopower for economic, environmental and social benefits. Circular bioeconomy (CBE) lies at the intersection and is defined as the production of recoverable biological (waste) resources and the conversion of these resources into high-value-added products, such as food, feed, bio-based products and bioenergy. It has been estimated that the economic opportunity for the sector to complement or even substitute conventional ones is estimated to be USD 7.7 trillion by 2030 for food and feed waste products, and energy. CBE is perceived as a pathway for development and has the potential to target different SDGs directly like 6, 7 and 12 and SDGs 2, 3, 11, 12, 13 and 15 indirectly. This study explores the linkages of CBE with the SDG goals and provides recommendations to stimulate the sector.

Details

International Trade, Economic Crisis and the Sustainable Development Goals
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-83753-587-3

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