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Multimedia applications such as digital audio and video have stringent quality of service (QoS) requirement in mobile ad hoc network. To support wide range of QoS, complex routing protocols with multiple QoS constraints are necessary. In QoS routing, the basic problem is to find a path that satisfies multiple QoS constraints. Moreover, mobility, congestion and packet loss in dynamic topology of network also leads to QoS performance degradation of protocol.

In this paper, the authors proposed a multi-path selection scheme for QoS aware routing in mobile ad hoc network based on fractional cuckoo search algorithm (FCS-MQARP). Here, multiple QoS constraints energy, link life time, distance and delay are considered for path selection.

The experimentation of proposed FCS-MQARP is performed over existing QoS aware routing protocols AOMDV, MMQARP, CS-MQARP using measures such as normalized delay, energy and throughput. The extensive simulation study of the proposed FCS-based multipath selection shows that the proposed QoS aware routing protocol performs better than the existing routing protocol with maximal energy of 99.1501 and minimal delay of 0.0554.

This paper presents a hybrid optimization algorithm called the FCS algorithm for the multi-path selection. Also, a new fitness function is developed by considering the QoS constraints such as energy, link life time, distance and delay.

In the present networking scenarios, MANETs mainly focus on reducing the consumed power of battery-operated devices. The transmission of huge data in MANETs is responsible for greater energy usage, thereby affecting the parameter metrics network performance, throughput, packet overhead, energy consumption in addition to end-to-end delay. The effective parameter metric measures are implemented and made to enhance the network lifetime and energy efficiency. The transmission of data for at any node should be more efficient and also the battery of sensor node battery usage should be proficiently applied to increase the network lifetime. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

In this research work for the MANETs, the improvement of energy-efficient algorithms in MANETs is necessary. The main aim of this research is to develop an efficient and accurate routing protocol for MANET that consumes less energy, with an increased network lifetime.

In this paper, the author has made an attempt to improve the genetic algorithm with simulated annealing (GASA) for MANET to minimize the energy consumption of 0.851 percent and to enhance the network lifetime of 61.35 percent.

In this paper, the author has made an attempt to improve the GASA for MANET to minimize the energy consumption of 0.851 percent and to enhance the network lifetime of 61.35 percent.

Femtocells are low-power, inexpensive base stations (BS) used in business enterprises or homes. They could offer higher SNR in a smaller coverage area to enhance the data rates and QoS. Deployment of femtocell is expected to the witness constant development in upcoming years. Despite of all these benefits, there are certain challenges to be resolved that includes management of overlaying MC, interference among femtocells and the resource allocation between 2 tiers.

This work analyses the issues on cross-tier interfering and resource allocation alleviation in “full-duplex (FD) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) oriented Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) that includes macrocell as well as underlying femtocells”. This work concerns on three foremost contributions: portraying a single objective issue including subcarrier allocation, price allocation and power allocation of macrocell–femtocell networks. Moreover, this work introduces a novel Cat Swarm Mated-Lion algorithm (CSM-LA) for solving the defined optimization problem in macrocell–femtocell networks. At last, the supremacy of adopted scheme is proved over traditional models regarding statistical and convergence analysis.

By concerning the cost function, the developed CSM-LA attained 87.5, 60, 93.75 and 93.75% better than LM, WOA, LA and CSO respectively. For utility analysis, it accomplished 70.58% better than LM, 88.23% superior to GWO, 85.88% superior to WOA and 88.23% better than CSO. For statistical analysis, the median performance of developed CSM-LA attained better results, which was 80.52% superior to LA, 80.74% better than GWO, 72% superior to WOA and 48.7% better than LA. Hence, the developed CSM-LA proved its performance in terms of improved results and revealed its betterment over the conventional models.

This paper adopts a latest optimization algorithm called CSM-LA for analyzing the issues on cross-tier interfering and resource allocation alleviation in full-duplex (FD) orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) oriented heterogeneous networks (HetNets). This is the first work that utilizes CSM-LA framework that proposes a new CSM-LA model for power control and resource allocation by considering the multi-objectives like price, subcarrier and power as well.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the increased research attention gained by sustainability in food supply chain management. Although previous review studies have focused on aspects such as traceability, food safety, and performance measurement, sustainability has rarely been considered as a means of integrating these issues.

The paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature on food sustainable supply chain management (FSSCM). Using systematic review methods, relevant studies published from 1997 to early 2021 are explored to reveal the research landscape and the gaps and trends.

The paper shows the building blocks and the main research directions in FSSCM, particularly considering the opportunities in “neglected” emerging countries. Insights are provided into the various elements of the sustainability supply chain in the food industry, which have previously been analysed separately.

Only a few researchers have systematically reviewed the literature or taken a bibliometric approach in their analyses to provide an overview of the current trends and links between sustainability and food supply chain management.

The purpose of this paper is to recognize and prioritize the critical drivers (CDs) essential for establishing a sustainable foxnut supply chain (SFNSC) aligned with the sustainable development goals (SDGs) set forth by the United Nations. The objective is to make a meaningful contribution to the longevity and well-rounded sustainability of the foxnut industry by scrutinizing pivotal factors that endorse triple bottom line (TBL) sustainability aspect throughout the supply chain.

A systematic approach, integrating literature reviews and government reports, identified potential CDs for a sustainable foxnut supply chain. Expert opinions refined the list with the help of fuzzy-Delphi method (FDM), and the final CDs were analyzed with fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (F-DEMATEL) to establish their causal relationships and hierarchical importance.

The study identifies the top three CDs for a SFNSC: “Branding of the product”, “The Global increase in demand” and “Value addition of the foxnut”. Moreover, “Storage infrastructure”, “Mechanized processing” and “Proper transportation facilities” also contribute to the sustainability of the foxnut supply chain.

The results hold significance for various stakeholders in the foxnut industry, encompassing producers, policymakers and researchers. The identified CDs can guide decision-making and resource allocation to improve the sustainability of the foxnut supply chain. The study's framework and methodology can also be applied to other industries to promote sustainable practices and achieve SDGs.

This study enhances understanding of CDs for an SFNSC. FDM and F-DEMATEL techniques analyze causal relationships and rank key factors. The SFNSC model may help other major foxnut producers to become more sustainable.

Carob has been proposed as a healthy, stimulant-free alternative to chocolate in frozen desserts. In order to make carob a viable and attractive alternative, food producers need to know how it interacts with sweeteners and frozen dessert dispersion matrices. The purpose of this paper is to find the optimal sweetener concentration in three plant-based frozen desserts and carob-flavoured milk dispersion matrix ice cream.

The ideal sucrose concentrations (per cent) were determined through an affective test using the “just-about-right” scale for carob-flavoured frozen desserts made with cashew nut, coconut and soy beverage, as well as milk dispersion matrix. The sweetness equivalence of artificial sweeteners relative to sucrose was determined by the magnitude estimation test.

The authors identified the concentrations of sucrose, stevia and sucralose that produced ideal sweetness in carob-flavoured frozen desserts. Concentrations for soy-based frozen desserts differed from the other dispersion mediums tested. Plant-based frozen desserts exhibited a higher ratio of sweetening power of stevia and sucralose to sucrose compared to milk-based ice cream by a factor of 1.18 and 1.14, respectively.

This study undertook a comprehensive survey of a dairy-free and chocolate-free alternative to chocolate ice cream and found new sweetener interactions with dispersion matrices in carob-flavoured frozen desserts. The findings in this study can be applied in the development of carob-flavoured soybean-, coconut-, cashew nut- and milk-based frozen desserts.