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The purpose of this paper is to identify the existence of studies, by exploring the current literatures, on interaction among actors in Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) implementation.

A new classification framework is offered, along with the two dimensions of ERP implementation: determinants and outcomes, to provide four types of research classes. Hundreds of articles were searched by using keywords from journal data bases. The selected articles were grouped based on the new classification of ERP implementation, followed by an in-depth analysis by using the Context, Intervention, Mechanism, Outcomes logic and the system of systems methodologies (SOSM) framework.

The interactions among actors in ERP implementation have been overlooked, although there is almost always disagreements, misperceptions, and conflicts. Managing the interactions among actors is considered important because common failures in ERP implementation are often caused by mismanaged interactions among the key actors. Unfortunately, the existing research has so far shown a small effort to study how the actors’ interactions are managed.

One key limitation of this research is that the number of actor-related articles is lesser than the factor-related articles. Further research should be conducted to explain how to manage the interactions among the actors in each stage of ERP implementation.

A guidance to prepare the entire organization prior to the ERP implementation to seriously consider the typical conflict among actors on each stage of ERP implementation and its causal factors and how to resolve them.

The importance of understanding typical conflict among actors, its causal factors, and how to resolve them can be extended to other projects or social phenomenon.

This proposed framework is new to the ERP literature and serves to identify and expand further research on actors’ interactions to improve the success of ERP implementation. This is the first research to identify the interactions among actors in ERP implementation by using a clearly structured methodological approach, which is conducted by critically reviewing the ERP implementation literature.

This paper aims to explore major causes of the failure of the existing subsidized liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) distribution system and recommends alternative strategies.

The analysis of subsidized LPG with a closed distribution system was carried out based on preliminary study, secondary data collection, and in-depth interviews to identify the root causes of the failure in achieving the desired service levels. In this research, agent based modeling and simulation was used to explain the phenomena occurred in the closed distribution system represented by three types of agents, namely selling agents, sub-selling agents, and end-users.

Agent based modeling and simulation was successfully applied to describe the undesired symptoms in the closed distribution system. The simulation shows that the distribution system provides a service level of 81.61 percent by selling agents and 97.38 percent by sub-selling agents. The root cause analysis indicates that service and inventory levels in the LPG distribution system are strongly influenced by end-users demand variations, rationing system, and the occurrence of inventory leakage. To enhance the system quality, the Indonesian Government needs to implement the LPG with a closed distribution system using control card in real practice so that monitoring system can be significantly improved and ensure well-targeted subsidy.

This research is limited to the discussion of inventory level and availability. It does not include the issue of pricing, speculation, and targeting accuracy, because of the limitation of the existing data.

This research will assist stakeholders involved in the distribution system such as selling agents and retailers to better understand the true potential of the LPG closed distribution system in preventing shortages.

This paper describes that agent based modeling and simulation is very useful, especially to gain insights for improving the LPG closed distribution system.