Outlines the Nigerian Government′s new 6‐3‐3‐4 system of educationand emphasizes the vital role of libraries in implementing such apolicy. Describes the poor state of and…
Abstract
Outlines the Nigerian Government′s new 6‐3‐3‐4 system of education and emphasizes the vital role of libraries in implementing such a policy. Describes the poor state of and provision for libraries in Nigeria and makes recommendations to improve the situation.
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The various methods of acquisition are highlighted for a newuniversity library where not only are books and journals expensive, butfunds for their purchase are grossly…
Abstract
The various methods of acquisition are highlighted for a new university library where not only are books and journals expensive, but funds for their purchase are grossly insufficient. Other impediments to acquisition, apart from funds, are also enumerated and cost‐saving devices discussed which are aimed at the most judicious spending of the library′s meagre budget.
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The objectives and strategy of the Economic Recovery Programme(ERP) or Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in the West Africaneconomy are examined, focusing on the disastrous…
Abstract
The objectives and strategy of the Economic Recovery Programme (ERP) or Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in the West African economy are examined, focusing on the disastrous effects on library materials acquisitions. The causes of foreign exchange scarcity and reasons for the poor performance of libraries in acquisitions under the ERP/SAP are explored. A strategy for sustaining acquisitions in austere times is suggested, concluding with a warning against the marginalisation of education and the library service.
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I.K. Antwi and M.A. Bello
Briefly discusses the importance of motivation. Points out thatmanagers should take interest in motivating their workers forthis influences their performance and…
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Briefly discusses the importance of motivation. Points out that managers should take interest in motivating their workers for this influences their performance and organizational effectiveness. Gives a short review of the administrative structure of the Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Library, Bauchi, Nigeria (ATBU). Presents empirical data, which were gathered by means of a questionnaire relating to the motivation and productivity of library assistants in ATBU. Also gives several suggestions aimed at improving the productivity of staff.
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Johnbosco Emeka Umunnakwe, Ikem Ekweozor and Bernadine Akuoma Umunnakwe
The purpose of this paper is to highlight the relationship between lifestyles, household and household wastes, by exploring possible future development path for the lifestyle and…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to highlight the relationship between lifestyles, household and household wastes, by exploring possible future development path for the lifestyle and the possible consequences for household waste composition. The study predicates on a reasonably simple and straightforward idea that the waste generated from homes is a product of the way the people live and since the way of life of people change overtime, getting an idea of how people may live in future may give an insight into the sorts of composition of waste produced by them. It tends to provide a contribution to the evidence base on household waste at a general level.
Design/methodology/approach
The overall approach hinged on the notion that the household is the appropriate analytical unit of household waste production composition. This specified inputs needed to develop scenarios for future waste composition. The weekly generation of sorted wastes from their various sources was determined by direct measurement in kilograms on a weighing scale. Questionnaires were administered to elicit information on key drivers and factors that influence lifestyles scenarios and their development. Interviews were conducted with relevant stakeholders and government agencies on waste management.
Findings
The results indicated that food related waste constituted the major percentages and tonnages (44 percent, 269,870 tons) of household waste, while the least portion was glass (1.2 percent,7,278 tons). The key drivers responsible for generation of food waste include level of income, subsistence farming that generate organic food waste and rise in fast food outfits that give preference to readymade food over cooking at homes. The drivers for developing future scenarios include population, government regulations, nature of apartment, level of income, consumer spending, management technology. Three scenarios were developed: status quo trends, strong government and destination point.
Research limitations/implications
Models should be developed for better simulation studies of lifestyle scenarios by quantifying household wastes in terms of carbon footprint and money instead of relying on quantities generated in tons. Further studies should extend to other sources of waste such as industrial waste, electrical and electronic waste, among others. The implication from research findings shows the need for sustained for sustained awareness on people’s lifestyle with regard to handling of household wastes by government agencies, institutions and non-governmental organizations. Scenario planning is required to enable, encourage and engage householders to make changes in their lifestyles.
Practical implications
Food waste, by virtue of its tonnage and percentage composition, dominated the overall picture during the study period and will continue to do so in the near future. The composition of household waste in the future will be driven by the population and lifestyles of the householders. The drivers of lifestyles are crucial factors that determine the picture of the future. Furthermore, it is possible to conjecture circumstances in which household waste is converted to wealth at the destination point but the period before then imply some radical changes in both lifestyles and underlying economic growth facilitated by a strong political will.
Originality/value
This research could be of enormous benefit to policy makers, practitioners and others with an interest in or responsibility to the development and implementation of sustainable waste management. Scenarios are devices for enabling organizations and the individuals within them better to understand their operating environment, so as to make better decisions. This research is a scenario-planning exercise, considering how future changes in lifestyles of people in Port Harcourt metropolis now and in future may impact on the future composition of wastes they generate.
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Johnbosco Emeka Umunnakwe, Ikem Ekweozor and Kelechi Thankgod Ezirim
The purpose of this paper is to show impacts of household wastes handling on some physicochemical parameters of surface water, soil, sediments and borehole water samples in Port…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to show impacts of household wastes handling on some physicochemical parameters of surface water, soil, sediments and borehole water samples in Port Harcourt. Waste generated from the households are indiscriminately dumped on roads, stream channels, bush lands and open spaces thus defacing the landscape of the city, flooding and spreading vector-borne diseases. As a result there is unsustainable and wasteful utilisation of resources which gives rise to pollution of the environment. The research determines the pollution profile of some dumpsites, surface water bodies that act as recipients of household waste from result of analysis of physicochemical parameters.
Design/methodology/approach
Major dumpsites in the city were selected for sampling. Three sampling stations at upstream, discharge point and downstream were selected for water and sediments. Water samples were collected in one-litre plastic containers, and then labelled and transported to laboratory for analysis. Sediment samples were collected at a depth of 5-10 m under water and preservation, handling and analysis were based on standard principles and procedures. Soil samples were dug with auger at both top (0-15 cm) and bottom (15-30 cm) in radial coordinates. The soil and sediment samples were first digested using the wet oxidation method before analysis with atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Findings
The physicochemical analysis of surface water samples showed that conductivity, salinity, turbidity, sulphate, phosphate, magnesium, total hardness and lead exceeded the World Health Organization and Nigerian Industrial Standard limits for drinking water qualities at the sampled areas. The same parameters in addition to pH and manganese also exceeded the limits for sediment samples. The soil pH showed acidity at the sampling stations for both top and bottom depths. Conductivity, sulphate, iron, manganese, phosphate and lead also exceeded the FMEnv Guidelines and standards for soil quality. The continuous discharge of household wastes on water and soil resulted in elevated levels of some measured parameters.
Research limitations/implications
The research was limited by funds. The cost of sampling and analysis was enormous and limited the study to parameters that available funds could carry. This factor also stretched the period of study. The non-availability of sponsorship made it difficult to extend the research to soil particle size distribution and the underground water movement of the study areas. Another limitation was logistics as the study covered vast areas of the metropolis demanding steady means of mobility that was not available. Epileptic supply of power delayed the timely delivery of result of analysis.
Practical implications
The results of the analysed physicochemical parameters of water, sediments, soil and borehole water samples indicated spatial variations in their values at the study area, with higher values at the discharge points and downstream than the upstream, while for the borehole water analysis, the effect was more pronounced at stations with appreciable quantity of degradable household wastes. The levels of some physicochemical variables exceeded standard limits as a result of continuous discharge of household wastes .The implication is that household waste handling influenced the physicochemical variables negatively and constant monitoring serves as a useful tool of abatement.
Originality/value
This work is original and has not been published before in any book or journal article locally or internationally. The research related waste handling lifestyles with concentrations of measurable parameters, which is an additional work to what other authors have done. The value is that data generated will be a reference material to other researchers, city planners, government agencies and institutions that are involved with environmental management. Furthermore it has added a new dimension to the discipline of waste management in terms of scope and contribution to knowledge.
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Umunnakwe Johnbosco Emeka, Solomon A. Braide and Alex C. Chindah
The purpose of this paper is to examine the environmental and health impacts of abattoir wastes due to unhygienic disposal methods and inadequate slaughtering facilities as it…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the environmental and health impacts of abattoir wastes due to unhygienic disposal methods and inadequate slaughtering facilities as it affects some physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of Woji Creek and its environs.
Design/methodology/approach
The study involved the choice of five sampling stations for two different seasons: wet and dry. Standard methods were adopted for field and laboratory studies.
Findings
Water samples from station 2 (discharge point station) showed higher concentrations of turbidity, phosphate, biochemical oxygen demand, faecal coliform count for both dry and wet seasons, while dissolved oxygen values were lower at this station than in the other study stations. Water samples were slightly acidic (6.49‐6.70) for the five stations sampled during the study period. At the upstream station, the water had lower levels of turbidity, temperature, phosphate, nitrate, biochemical oxygen demand, faecal coliform count, but the values increased downstream after the discharge point station showing the impact of the abattoir effluents. The results further revealed seasonal influence on the parameters with higher values recorded during the dry season for conductivity, salinity, turbidity, phosphate, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, faecal coliform counts, temperature, total dissolved solids. This is because during the wet season the increased volume of water apparently diluted the concentration of abattoir wastes.
Practical implications
The work was carried out in order to establish the existing levels of the measured parameters and assess the pollution profile of the Creek as a result of abattoir operations.
Originality/value
This is the first time a holistic research has been conducted on Woji Creek. The paper has provided data and knowledge on which further research can be carried out to monitor changes in water quality caused by the activities of the abattoir operators.
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Paul Blaise Issock Issock, Mornay Roberts-Lombard and Mercy Mpinganjira
The aim of this paper is to examine the motives behind the separation of household waste (or the lack of such separation) on the basis of the theory of interpersonal behaviour…
Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this paper is to examine the motives behind the separation of household waste (or the lack of such separation) on the basis of the theory of interpersonal behaviour. The aim of this paper is to broaden and deepen the understanding of key determinants of household waste separation (or the lack of such separation). This study proposes a conceptual model based on the theory of interpersonal behaviour in combination with the focus theory of normative conduct.
Design/methodology/approach
A quantitative method was applied to investigate the views of 350 heads of households in the Johannesburg metropolitan area through an administered questionnaire. Structural equation modelling was employed to test the hypothesised structural relationships in the proposed model.
Findings
The results indicate that household waste separation intention is influenced by cognition of the consequences and by injunctive and personal normative pressures. Separation intention and past habits were found to have a direct influence on actual separation behaviour.
Originality/value
While the theory of planned behaviour is ubiquitous in the recycling literature, this study presents a different, broader framework for a better understanding of the drivers of household waste separation. This is achieved by applying the theory of interpersonal behaviour in combination with the focus theory of normative conduct. The findings provide insights that could help municipalities in emerging markets to promote household waste separation for better management of the environment.
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Andrew Ebekozien, Clinton Aigbavboa, Faith Ebekozien Emuchay, Marvelous Aigbedion, Iliye Faith Ogbaini and Andrew Igiebor Awo-Osagie
In less than a decade to Sustainable Development Goals, the urban solid waste (USW) emanating from households, especially in developing countries, calls for concern. Several…
Abstract
Purpose
In less than a decade to Sustainable Development Goals, the urban solid waste (USW) emanating from households, especially in developing countries, calls for concern. Several policies have been suggested and some implemented, but the challenges facing USW management remain, especially in developing nations. Past studies demonstrated that the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) technologies can be used to improve urban public services. The role of 4IR in mitigating the challenges of USW is yet to receive in-depth research in Nigeria. Thus, the study investigated 4IR role regarding mitigating the challenges facing USW.
Design/methodology/approach
Seven cities across Nigeria, including the Federal Capital Territory, were used as the study area to achieve the research objectives via a qualitative research design. Thirty-two semi-structured interviews were conducted from selected regulators, households, legislators, ICT experts, NGOs and waste managers. A thematic approach was adopted to analyse the collated data.
Findings
Findings group the USW challenges into five categories. The 4IR technologies can be used to manage USW; thus, they create an opportunity to integrate and promote sustainable clean cities.
Research limitations/implications
This study is confined to the 4IR role concerning mitigating the encumbrances facing USW in Nigeria and proffered feasible policies to enhance a sustainable healthy environment.
Practical implications
Proffered policy solutions will stir policymakers and construction practitioners to think outside the box and offer and better understand how 4IR technologies can be utilised to mitigate those challenges. The outcome will create sustainable clean cities as part of the implication contribution to the body of knowledge.
Originality/value
Evidence from the reviewed literature shows a paucity of literature focussed on 4IR roles in mitigating the encumbrances facing USW in Nigeria. Therefore, this study contributes to the existing research work on 4IR concerning its role in enhancing USW in Nigeria and, by extension, to other developing countries.
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Sunilkumar Agrawal and Prasanta Kundu
This paper aims to propose a novel methodology for optimal voltage source converter (VSC) station installation in hybrid alternating current (AC)/direct current (DC) transmission…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to propose a novel methodology for optimal voltage source converter (VSC) station installation in hybrid alternating current (AC)/direct current (DC) transmission networks.
Design/methodology/approach
In this analysis, a unified power flow model has been developed for the optimal power flow (OPF) problem for VSC-based high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) transmission network and solved using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The impact of the HVDC converter under abnormal conditions considering N-1 line outage contingency is analyzed against the congestion relief of the overall transmission network. The average loadability index is used as a severity indicator and minimized along with overall transmission line losses by replacing each AC line with an HVDC line independently.
Findings
The developed unified OPF (UOPF) model converged successfully with (PSO) algorithm. The OPF problem has satisfied the defined operational constraints of the power system, and comparative results are obtained for objective function with different HVDC test configurations represented in the paper. In addition, the impact of VSC converter location is determined on objective function value.
Originality/value
A novel methodology has been developed for the optimal installation of the converter station for the point-to-point configuration of HVDC transmission. The developed unified OPF model and methodology for selecting the AC bus for converter installation has effectively reduced congestion in transmission lines under single line outage contingency.
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Keywords
- Particle swarm optimization
- Power transmission systems
- Power systems simulation
- Design optimization methodology
- Power electronic devices modeling
- Average loadability index
- Congestion management
- Optimal power flow (OPF) modeling
- Power system optimization
- Particle swarm optimization (PSO)
- Voltage source converter-HVDC (VSC-HVDC)