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Article
Publication date: 4 May 2022

Tomáš Mrkvička, Martina Krásnická, Ludvík Friebel, Tomáš Volek and Ladislav Rolínek

Small- and medium-sized enterprises can be highly affected by losses caused by exchange rate changes. The aim of this paper was to find the optimal Value-at-Risk (VaR) method for…

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Abstract

Purpose

Small- and medium-sized enterprises can be highly affected by losses caused by exchange rate changes. The aim of this paper was to find the optimal Value-at-Risk (VaR) method for estimating future exchange rate losses within one year.

Design/methodology/approach

The analysis focuses on five VaR methods, some of them traditional and some of them more up to date with integrated EVT or GARCH. The analysis of VaR methods was concentrated on a time horizon (1–12 months), overestimation predictions and six scenarios based on trends and variability of exchange rates. This study used three currency pairs EUR/CZK, EUR/USD and EUR/JPY for backtesting.

Findings

In compliance with the backtesting results, the parametric VaR with random walk has been chosen, despite its shortcomings, as the most accurate for estimating future losses in a medium-term period. The Nonparametric VaR confirmed insensitivity to the current exchange rate development. The EVT-based methods showed overconservatism (overestimation predictions). Every parametric or semiparametric method revealed a severe increase of liberality with increasing time.

Research limitations/implications

This research is limited to the analysis of suitable VaR models in a long- and short-run period without using artificial intelligence.

Practical implications

The result of this paper is the choice of a proper VaR method for the online application for estimating the future exchange rate for enterprises.

Originality/value

The orientation of medium-term period makes the research original and useful for small- and medium-sized enterprises.

Details

Studies in Economics and Finance, vol. 40 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1086-7376

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Article
Publication date: 12 April 2022

Hildemar Dos Santos, Diane Han, Mayabel Perez, Summer Johnson and Razaz Shaheen

To gain a better and more comprehensive understanding, this study aims to investigate the literature to explore the two popular diets’ health benefits and concerns. Google Scholar…

532

Abstract

Purpose

To gain a better and more comprehensive understanding, this study aims to investigate the literature to explore the two popular diets’ health benefits and concerns. Google Scholar and PubMed were used to search for available and relevant nutrition and health articles that pertain to the benefits and concerns of plantogenic and ketogenic diets. Search terms like low carbohydrate, diet, ketogenic, vegetarian and chronic diseases were used. Information was obtained from review articles and original research articles and checked for accuracy. Ketogenic diets have been used for a long time for convulsion in children and now reappeared for weight loss purposes.

Design/methodology/approach

Ketogenic and plantogenic (plant-based) diets have been adopted today by many professionals and the public.

Findings

Ketogenic diets have been used for a long time for convulsion in children and now reappeared for weight loss purposes. Plantogenic diets also have been practiced for many years for religious, health and environmental reasons. Compared to plantogenic diets, ketogenic diets lack long-term evidence of its potential benefits and harm.

Research limitations/implications

Maybe Lacto-ovo vegetarian and pesco-vegetarian (eat fish but not meats) diets are OK. However, for strict plantogenic diets (total plantogenic/vegan diet), the risk of mineral or vitamin deficiency is present (Melina et al., 2016). Of particular concern is dietary vitamin B12, which is obtained mostly from animal sources (Melina et al., 2016). A long-term deficiency of vitamin B12 can lead to macrocytic anemia and cause neuro and psychological effects (Obeid et al., 2019). Also, omega-3 fatty acids may be deficient in such a diet and probably need to be supplemented on those who follow the total plantogenic diet (Melina et al., 2016). Other deficiencies of concern would be zinc, iron, calcium, vitamin D and iodine (Melina et al., 2016). Another disadvantage is that many junk foods could be easily classified within the plantogenic diet, such as sugar, cakes, French fries, white bread and rice, sugar-sweetened beverages and sweets in general. These items are related to higher weight gain and, consequently, to a higher incidence of diabetes and other chronic diseases (Schulze et al., 2004; Malik et al., 2006; Fung et al., 2009).

Originality/value

Plantogenic diets were concluded to have sustainable health benefits for humans and the environment over ketogenic diets, which could be used but under professional follow-up only.

Details

Nutrition & Food Science , vol. 53 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0034-6659

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Article
Publication date: 7 January 2019

Blandina Sramova and Jiri Pavelka

The purpose of this paper is to determine the gender differentiation of adolescents in their online shopping motivation based on utilitarian and hedonic values as an expression of…

3250

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to determine the gender differentiation of adolescents in their online shopping motivation based on utilitarian and hedonic values as an expression of well-being. It is necessary to find out whether and to what extent utilitarian and hedonic values act as motivations in online shopping. The aim was to find whether boys and girls differ in their average individual values representing motivators in a specific, individual online shopping behavior, while assuming that a higher frequency of occurrence of the value areas represents a higher level of well-being.

Design/methodology/approach

The research focused on finding if individual motivational areas of online shopping, in which utilitarian and hedonic values are applied, are differently represented by Slovak boys and girls. The research sample comprised of the Slovak adolescents (n=420, AM age=16.75). A modified questionnaire investigated the motivation for online shopping.

Findings

Research findings pointed to a higher degree of well-being in adolescents’ online shopping motivational structures based on utilitarian and hedonic motivations. The research study indicated different motivational structure based on utilitarian and hedonic values which are associated with online shopping behavior of the adolescents in relation to their gender. The outcomes showed that there was a larger representation of the utilitarian values related to online shopping by adolescent boys. The adolescent boys more often appreciated choice, availability of information, lack of sociality and cost savings. Adolescent boys and girls had equal hedonistic value motivations.

Practical implications

At the time of the digital marketing boom, the knowledge of adolescents’ behavior in the online shopping environment is important for marketing communication. Adolescents will represent a strong segment of buyers in the digital market in the near future. Thus, aiming for the improvement in well-being by respecting the gender differentiation, retailers could create a more effective marketing communication design that would be targeted at the current Generation Z. The findings are important for the preparation and creation of the design of the online-activities marketing in individual cultural regions.

Originality/value

There is a notable absence in the monitoring of the well-being values in adolescent online shopping in Europe, especially in the post-communist EU countries. The Slovak Republic is one of the dynamically developing post-communist countries of the EU. Its position in the OECD which measures subjective well-being is very low. The research can become a starting point for forming the theory of online shopping behavior, assuming gender unification in the areas of hedonic values and motivations not only for the Generation Z but for all online shopping consumers in the second decade of the twenty-first century. The presented research is thus practical in order to adequately set up the online communication and the research use of a diagnostic tool in the European space. The authors see the research as a pilot study, which gives the opportunity for subsequent intercultural comparison. Knowledge of gender differences and indicators of well-being tendencies in the motivational structure of adolescents may be applicable for supporting and regulating the online shopping behavior of adolescents, as well as for the explanation and theoretical modeling of this behavior.

Details

International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, vol. 47 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0959-0552

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