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The purpose of this work is to explain the emergence of warpage due to a locally and temporally inhomogeneous shrinkage in 3D printing (Binder-Jetting) of polymers.

An analysis of shrinkage yields parameters for a one-dimensional layer model of the binding process. Based on this, residual stresses and deformation are calculated by means of a numerical simulation model.

The simulation supports the assumption that the curling of specimens is created by a force transmission between layers due to inhomogeneous shrinkage. Furthermore, the layered production process might contribute to nonlinear deformations of not horizontally orientated surfaces.

The simulation allows imitating the warping during the manufacturing process qualitatively. Exact values of deformations cannot be predicted, yet.

The results expand the knowledge about warpage effects in 3D printing caused by the layer-wise building process.

The developed model imitates the mechanisms leading to deformations during the 3D printing process, focusing on the physical interaction of layers with each other.

Leaders typically want to be effective and be remembered for their achievements and positive influence. This practitioner study aims to examine theory and research on servant leadership to provide insights into how leaders can address current employment conditions and gender inequities.

This paper examines the key characteristics of servant leadership, compares them to other leadership models, discusses common criticisms and applies the theory to women’s career advancement.

The review identifies the advantages of servant leadership in terms of encouraging leadership development within organizations, particularly for women, to address the broken rung or lack of early career promotion.

The paper shares key characteristics of servant leadership, explores its differences to other leadership models and focuses on practicalities for developing others in the workplace with a particular emphasis on women.