Environmentally adapted lubricants (EALs) have been a slowly growing segment of the lubricants business since the early 1970s. The evolution of environmental thinking has led to…
Abstract
Environmentally adapted lubricants (EALs) have been a slowly growing segment of the lubricants business since the early 1970s. The evolution of environmental thinking has led to the change of focus, from biodegradability to renewability. In the future, the focus will be more on fuel economy and lower emissions. Technical development drivers include the availability of suitable base fluids and additives for lubricants formulation and the adaptation of technical standards, OEM specifications and eco‐labels. Important non‐technical development drivers include environmental management tools and eco auditing. Environmental policy, and procurement guidelines for cities and government organizations, clearly has a large impact. EALs have been repeatedly heralded as one of the few future growth segments of the lubricants business, hence the relatively large increase in R&D activity over the last decade. In sales terms, growth has been slow, limited by high cost and several other factors. For a good future development, both technical and political hurdles must be overcome.
Details
Keywords
During the last ten years, a gradual conversion from mineral oil based hydraulic fluids to environmentally adapted lubricants (EALs), has taken place in the forest industry in…
Abstract
During the last ten years, a gradual conversion from mineral oil based hydraulic fluids to environmentally adapted lubricants (EALs), has taken place in the forest industry in Sweden. The current market share of the EALs is ca. 80 percent of the mobile hydraulic fluids utilised. The original driving force of this change can be traced to end‐user demands, especially paper and pulp consumers in Germany. The Swedish standard SS 15 54 34 was in 1997 supplemented with environmental criteria derived from the “Ren Smörja” (“Clean Lubrication”) environmental project in the city of Göteborg. The reliable third‐party validation offered by SP (Swedish National Testing and Research Institute), the present stewards of the “Clean Lubrication” list, has proven to be another important factor. By comparison to the German Blue Angel Eco‐labelling scheme, the Swedish SP‐list approval is somewhat easier to attain, and has provided a flexible base for the development of new products.
Details
Keywords
Wen Zhan, Shengpeng Zhan, HaiTao Duan, Xinxiang Li, Jian Li, Bingxue Cheng and Chengqing Yuan
This paper aims to study the thermal oxidation performance of antioxidant additives in ester base oils deeply.
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to study the thermal oxidation performance of antioxidant additives in ester base oils deeply.
Design/methodology/approach
ReaxFF molecular dynamics was used to simulate the thermal oxidation process of butyl octyl diphenylamine and octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate as two antioxidant additives act on the Trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO) base oil. Meanwhile, combining with the infrared spectroscopy characterization results of the thermal oxidation test, this paper provides theoretical support for the development of high-performance synthetic lubricants and their antioxidant additives.
Findings
The results show that butyl octyldiphenylamine easily removes the hydrogen atom on the secondary amine, which promotes the formation of more long carbon chain diene radicals or polyene hydroperoxides from TMPTO. Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate could easily decompose into octadecyl hydroperoxide and 2,6-di-tert-butyl 4-propionylphenol, which could convert into 2-tert-butyl-4-peroxyethyl-6-hydroperoxy-tert-butylphenol in the middle of the thermal oxidation reaction, prompting TMPTO to form more short-chain alkenyl and olefin hydroperoxide or other oxide.
Originality/value
The main change characteristics of base oil molecules are the first thermal decomposition to form oleic acid groups and ethane cyclopropane methyl oleate. Under the action of butyl octyldiphenylamine and octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate, the deep oxidation and decomposition reaction are slowed down.
Peer review
The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-01-2020-0037/
Details
Keywords
Graham Jones, Bernardita Chirino Chace and Justin Wright
Though there is broad agreement on the beneficial impact of diversity in management and leadership roles, much of the innovative capacity of an organization is realized at the…
Abstract
Purpose
Though there is broad agreement on the beneficial impact of diversity in management and leadership roles, much of the innovative capacity of an organization is realized at the unit level in working teams. Recent research points to cultural diversity having an especially significant impact on innovation team performance. The reports also highlight the need for the optimal team operating principles to derive maximum benefit. To prepare such innovation teams for success, it is valuable to understand the dynamics of team diversity at the project level and the underlying barriers and opportunities presented.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper reviews the literature and case studies on cultural inputs to ideation and innovation, assessing team diversity through readily available instruments and the deployment of the science of team science (SciTS) principles in innovation teams.
Findings
The key learnings include the importance of establishing communication standards, SciTS principles, team assessment of thinking styles and the utility of cultural awareness instruments.
Practical implications
Diversity provides a creative advantage for innovation teams. However, team dynamics play an important role in maximizing these advantages, and cross-cultural competence of team members is required. Deployment of appropriate assessment tools and team methodologies enhances the likelihood of successful outcomes including in remote team settings.
Originality/value
Literature from diverse functional areas is summarized including the science of team science, organizational management, diversity and inclusion methodologies and ethnocultural dynamics. It provides pointers for the optimal formation and operating principles with highly culturally diverse teams.
Details
Keywords
The aims of this paper is to investigate the overall satisfaction of occupants of green and conventional residential buildings and their perception of indoor environment quality…
Abstract
Purpose
The aims of this paper is to investigate the overall satisfaction of occupants of green and conventional residential buildings and their perception of indoor environment quality (IEQ) and to study factors that may cause occupants’ dissatisfaction.
Design/methodology/approach
Data were collected through a survey sent to occupants of comparable green and conventional multi-family buildings. The difference in responses between occupants of green and conventional buildings was analysed using Mann–Whitney (rank sum) test. The ordered logistic models were applied to the data to test whether the overall satisfaction changes depending on the level of acceptance of indoor environment quality and whether the building environmental profile and the apartment tenure affect occupant satisfaction.
Findings
The results show that both categories of occupants are very satisfied with their apartments and that there is no statistically significant difference between the stated overall satisfaction of occupants living in green and conventional buildings, although a difference was found in the acceptance level for thermal and sound quality. The research highlights the importance of occupant feedback, user-friendly technical installations and the ability to control indoor environment. This knowledge is important for designers, engineers and developers alike in enabling them to improve dwelling quality and minimize post-occupancy problems.
Research limitations/implications
It was not possible to include physical measurements of IEQ parameters; the analysis is based only on occupants’ responses, which may carry a certain subjectivity.
Originality/value
The paper contributes to the understanding of IEQ from occupant perspective and to knowledge on green building performance.