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Considers a systems model of changes in industrial structure, employment and income levels. A country subsidizes imported resources to augment its existing resource base and to develop an export promotion strategy. This is leveraged with borrowed money. According to neo‐classical economic theory, factors of production are paid in proportion to their output contribution. Economic growth occurs when the return from a higher rate of factor utilization exceeds the cost of subsidization. In the study of ordinary differential equations, simultaneous changes in variables can be treated as part of a dynamic system subject to constraints. At any moment resources are fixed, and we may assume D'Alembert's principle of virtual work with respect to the internal constraints of the system. Subsidized economic growth shares a paradigm with analytical dynamics, the stability of motion around the neighbourhood of a singular point. The classical analytical‐topological methods which describe asymptotic stability are used to investigate economic policy.

Based on personal observations of several thousand managers, in both business and simulated business settings, four elements are identified that are frequently associated with leadership effectiveness. These elements are: (1) consistently and routinely applying a small number of key concepts, (2) developing skill at thinking and acting strategically, (3) taking advantage of knowing one′s personal style and its impact on others, (4) understanding the non‐linear and iterative nature of strategic management processes. These four elements ‐concepts, skills, personal style, and process – had the most impact on the organisations run by the managers in our study when the elements had been developed in proportion to each other. Too strong a focus on an element, or a noticeable lack of ability with respect to an element, was counterproductive.

Self‐directed work teams are playing an increasingly important role in companies around the world. In many respects they represent a fundamentally different way of conducting business at every level in the organization. Management development departments have the potential to take a leading role in introducing and fostering attitudes and skills necessary to be successful in this effort. They can do this by reframing their use of existing experiential activities. In the process, they can more fully harvest the participant′s time at the programme and create a teamwork signature for the management development curriculum.

Personal management styles tend to heavily influence strategic decision making. The authors identify six management styles and describe how each style can influence a company's strategic planning.

Entrepreneurship education is struggling to define itself, to create a meaningful knowledge base, and to develop, entrepreneurial skills in managers. As an integral part of this process, the utility and appropriate‐ness of various teaching methods are frequently explored. It is suggested that the behavioural simulation technology, which has been successfully used to teach strategic and organisational processes and to diagnose and develop managerial skills, may be appropriate for developing entrepreneurial skills. Empirical data are used to support the argument that behavioural simulations create an appropriate teacher‐learner environment to accomplish many of the learning objectives of entrepreneurship education.

Substance misuse (SMU) is widely prevalent in mentally disordered offenders and is linked with violence and offending behaviour. There is however, a scarcity of literature dedicated to investigating SMU and its clinical correlates in relation to patients detained within high secure hospital settings. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent and severity of SMU and corresponding treatment needs in patients with a primary diagnosis of personality disorder (PD) in comparison with mental illness (MI) in a high secure hospital.

The responsible clinicians of all patients (n=240) detained in a high secure hospital were asked to record information using a SMU screening questionnaire over a ten-month period. Details requested included substance type, history of past use and assessment and treatment needs. Data were recorded and then analysed: descriptive statistics were conducted to report historical use of substances, cross tabulations and χ² analysis explored the relationship between SMU and treatment status and diagnosis and offending behaviour and a means comparison analysis was employed to explore length of stay and treatment of SMU.

A total of 230 questionnaires were returned (95 per cent of the patient population). A history of SMU was reported in 88.6 per cent of the sample, with alcohol and cannabis misuse being the most prevalent. At least one substance had been abused by 74.3 per cent of the sample. In two-thirds of the sample, SMU was linked with the onset of mental health problems and symptom exacerbation, including violence. Interestingly, patients with a diagnosis of MI as compared with PD were more likely to have used substances (93.3 per cent compared to 81.9 per cent) and were more likely to need treatment for SMU (64.3 per cent compared to 36.8 per cent). In those with an MI diagnosis, SMU was more likely to be linked with violence and index offence (74.3 per cent compared to 59.0 per cent).

SMU is significantly prevalent in high risk mentally disordered offenders and linked to onset of mental health problems and offending. Patients with schizophrenia have a higher prevalence of SMU than PD and are likely to be more in need of treatment. Violence and offending are more likely to be related to SMU in schizophrenia than in PD.

This study substantiates existing evidence that SMU contributes to mental health problems and criminogenic behaviour. Furthermore, the study reports new findings that characterize differences of the relationship of SMU to offending in schizophrenia and PD in forensic psychiatric patients presenting to a high secure hospital.

This paper aims to develop a set of process parameters tailored for lattice structures and test them against standard process (SP) parameters. Selective laser melting (SLM) is a commonly known and established additive manufacturing technique and is a key technology in generating intricately shaped lattice structures. However, SP parameters used in this technology have building time and accuracy disadvantages for structures with a low area-to-perimeter ratio, such as thin struts.

In this research work, body-centred cubic structure specimens are manufactured using adapted process parameters. Central to the adapted process parameters is the positioning of the laser beam, the scan strategy and the linear energy density. The specimens are analysed with X-ray micro-computed tomography for dimensional accuracy. The final assessment is a comparison between specimens manufactured using adapted process parameters and those using SP parameters.

Standard parameters for lattice structures lead to a significant shift from the nominal geometry. An extensive manufacturing and computation time due to several exposure patterns (e.g. pre-contours, post-contours) was observed. The tailored process parameters developed had good dimensional accuracy, reproducible results and improved manufacturing performance.

The results are based on a distinctive geometry of the lattice structure and a specific material. Future research should be extended to other geometries and materials.

Optimisation of process parameters for the part geometry is a critical factor in improving dimensional accuracy and performance of SLM processes.

This study demonstrates how application-tailored process parameters can lead to superior performance and improved dimensional accuracy. The results can be transferred to other lattice structure designs and materials.

A substantial body of research evidence has now accumulated in the cause-related marketing (CRM) literature. Yet, research on positive word of mouth (WOM) in the CRM domain is scarce. Based on this, the purpose of this paper is to present a framework that enhances positive WOM persuasion in a CRM context.

Specifically, the authors explore collectivism as a contextual dimension for positive WOM persuasion in a CRM setting and discusses three novel constructs for effectively designing such campaigns, namely, cause proximity, choice of donation type and choice variety of donation types in a single offering frame. Based on conceptual logic and drawing on literature from a variety of disciplines, this framework should provide deeper insight into achieving positive WOM persuasion with CRM strategy and implementation.

Additionally, the analysis leads to specific research questions regarding the associations between these contrasts and positive WOM persuasion in a CRM context.

Finally, the managerial and theoretical contributions are discussed, as well as directions for further research.