Junzo Watada, Thisana Waripan and Berlin Wu
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate optimal decision methods under a cooperative situation in two-echelon logistic models.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate optimal decision methods under a cooperative situation in two-echelon logistic models.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors propose the optimal strategies of exporters in the three types of rival game behaviors: Stackelberg, Collusion, and Cournot, each of which provides the optimal decision for the duopolistic shippers and the oligopolistic forwarders in each scenario.
Findings
From the empirical studies the paper finds that among three scenarios, the oligopolistic treatment of forwarders’ actions demonstrates that Stackelberg behavior can carry out the maximum profit, and Collusion game can achieve the maximum profit for the shippers.
Originality/value
Proposed an optimal decision methods in two-echelon logistic models.