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The purpose of this paper is to examine a possible negative spillover effect in sports sponsorship to answer whether the sponsored team’s poor performance will have a negative effect on audiences’ trust in its sponsor’s brand. The authors further analysed whether the audience’s attitude towards the team plays a mediating role and whether the audience’s personality type (active vs passive) plays a moderating role in this negative spillover effect.

Three experimental studies were conducted with 380 Chinese undergraduates and MBA student participants over two years. The authors designed the experiment as a computer-mediated intervention in which good, poor and neutral performance groups were compared. After the respondents were exposed to the intervention, we asked them to answer questions using a computer terminal. We analysed the data from the three experiments through analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression analysis and a bootstrap.

The audiences who were exposed to a team’s poor performance condition reported less trust in the sponsor’s brand relative to those exposed to a good performance condition, and the brand trust was even lower than for those who were exposed to a control condition (no performance information). Further, the audience’s negative attitude towards the sports team mediated the negative effect of the team’s poor performance on its sponsor’s brand trust. The negative effect was more obvious for individuals with Type A personalities (active) than for those with Type B personalities (passive).

The prior literature has neglected a possible negative effect of a sports team’s performance on its sponsor’s brand trust. In particular, questions of whether, how and when this negative effect occurs are critical for sponsors, teams, and audiences. Since sports team sponsorship is burgeoning in China, the negative implications are unclear in this new context. Thus, the revelation that the negative spillover effects of a team’s poor performance on audiences’ trust in the sponsor’s brand provides two original contributions. First, the negative effect reveals value for multiple sponsorship stakeholders. Second, the Chinese context in this study adds value for future research and practice regarding both Chinese-foreign and domestic Chinese decisions.

This paper aims to assess the comparative position of the national innovation system of Chinese state entrepreneurship versus liberal market entrepreneurship. Based on the comparative institutional framework, it asks whether Chinese state entrepreneurship has a comparative disadvantage because of its incoherent institutions in liberal or coordinated economies. Hence, does the Chinese institutional system of innovation lag behind that of US or liberal countries of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) economies in the transformation of national science into economic products measured as high-technology exports?

This study uses panel data analysis based on 29 OECD economies and the Chinese economy over 23 years. Regarding national science productivity (explorative capabilities), it includes published and patented science streams; regarding technological transformation (exploitative capabilities), it measures the percentage of high-technology exports in gross domestic product (GDP). The interactions between the types of entrepreneurship and national science institutions serve as predictors in the design.

The results show that Chinese state entrepreneurship has a comparative advantage over liberal economies in published science. However, Chinese state entrepreneurship has a comparative disadvantage compared to liberal entrepreneurship in patent science. Regarding the dyadic level of comparability between the national economies, there are mixed results in the transformation of national science.

This study supports the three following theoretical points: national institutions differ regardless of the pressure of convergence through globalization; national science contingencies influence different paths of the transformation of national science to technology; and mixed economies, such as state entrepreneurship, can achieve high performance without fully conforming to liberal markets.

This study emphasizes institutional mechanisms for future research to support the innovation of incoherent institutions and suggests the benefit of cross-pollination of senior managers between state and private organizations for a defined duration.

Theoretically, this research combines an interdisciplinary and interinstitutional level of analysis, and in so doing, it deals with the transformation of national science in scientific publications and patents in the vertical value chain. Empirically, this study links the national published and patented science with the national economic artifacts in high-technology sectors. This novel approach to assess the national and discipline-level interaction sets a context for the future research in other settings. It also informs policy decisions regarding the growth of science, innovation and development.

The purpose of this paper is to explore whether being a first‐mover into the Chinese market through strategic alliance with host companies provides competitive advantages to the foreign entrant. The aim is to understand the relevance of the first‐mover and internationalization process (incremental learning) for competitive advantage in China during environmental uncertainty. Thus, the author proposes that the first‐mover (foreign firm) would be able to deflect environmental uncertainty, such as the economic recession of 2008, by forming an alliance with Chinese enterprises earlier than its rivals.

Quantitative methods for data analysis were used in support of the proposition. The sample comprises 187 foreign multinational enterprises that entered into the Chinese market through strategic alliance with local partners. The dependent variable is return on assets (ROA) of the firm. The author used the timeline as the independent variable. The longer duration implies earlier entrants on the temporal scale. The author also used several controlled variables at the firm level, industry level and national level of the home country. The analysis was based on ordinary regression.

The result supports the main hypothesis in favour of the first‐mover advantage. Apart from the main effects in the hypotheses, there are some interesting alternative effects captured in the control variables. It appears that age of the firm tends to hamper firm performance. Industrial discretion is another control variable. The author predicted a positive coefficient. However, the result is not significant. The result shows competitive forces can lead to a better performance for the first‐mover. This observation is counterintuitive because monopoly is the source of performance, and competition reduces monopoly. It should be negatively correlated, but the result shows the opposite. In this sense, competition appears to be contributing to the firm's performance. A possible reason is that firms compete in the downstream of the industrial value china in established industries. Hence, the first‐mover advantage supports the early entrant in competitive conditions. Licensing mode of governance is negative. In comparison to alternative modes of governance, it appears that contractual mode such as licensing is less conducive for better performance. Firms that entered into IBA in China after her membership with WTO performed lower than those entered before WTO. Home country's R&D spending has not shown significant and positive influence on the performance.

The author proposes that cultural distance needs to be included in the research and analysis for a better understanding on the phenomenon of first‐mover advantage. Second, the research needs to be replicated in other contextual settings. China is indeed a big market. However, there are multiple different institutional systems in the world. Third, it will be interesting to identify the late‐mover's advantage so that policy decisions can be made in comparative terms.

This paper is different and novel in two ways. First, it reveals that companies that had entered into Chinese markets were able to deflect some of the losses caused by the global slowdown. It means that internationalization can be both positive and negative. It is negative because global crisis can adversely affect almost all economies. However, it can be positive when some economies are stable, and the firm has entered into that stable market earlier than others. Second, the research reveals that cultural and institutional distance can be a positive source during an economic crisis. The author can see today (in 2012) that similar economies of the west are still struggling to get out of the recession of 2008.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the central role of communication within teams and jobs satisfaction of the participants in business enterprises. “How communication in the team affects job satisfaction of the team member” shaped the design of the study in developing several propositions.

The paper opted for an exploratory study using semi‐structured interviews at two locations, Singapore and Dalian, China. The respondents had taken part in one team, at least, in the past. These respondents were professionals, junior managers, and sales/marketing executives. The data were organized according to the contextual framework developed in the study. The contextual frame was developed by combing attention‐structure with the four phases in a typical team. The concepts and developed constructs were mapped to reach testable propositions.

The paper provides an empirical insight on the relationship between formal teams and their members’ job satisfaction. The findings are noted in two stages. First, formal teams, positive attitude to conflicts, effective conflict resolution, and “opinion‐count” of the members positive influence job satisfaction of the member. Second, it appears that “opinion‐count” may have more positive effects than any other concept. Therefore, it is concluded that “opinion‐count” in communication mediates the other effects in team communication for job satisfaction.

First, the research is based on limited interviews in only two locations, Singapore and Dalian, China; second, the study is a qualitative one. It lacks generalization. Third, it is acknowledged that the author's own interpretation may have influenced the findings ‐‐ it is often unavoidable. Fourth, the number of propositions is limited in the framework. Finally, the participants’ demographic factors are missing from the analysis. For instance, education, age, professional position, technical background, and financial rewards can be included in a future quantitative study.

It is known that employees’ job satisfaction can lead to better engagement of the employees in the organization. More participation of the employee can be productive for the organization. Since job satisfaction and innovation appear to be highly positively correlated, increasing one can increase the other. Business enterprises lose millions of dollars every year because of the disengagement of their employees. Improving the engagement of employees can improve their productivity.

Based on inductive methodology, this article links the individual employee's opinion‐count at work place and job satisfaction of the employee. These findings are important in the sense that employees’ engagement at work and well being depends on their satisfaction. Therefore, both the employer and employee can benefit from these findings. The study provides a new solution to an old problem. It suggests that opinion‐count is more effective in increasing job satisfaction than other policies.

The purpose of this paper is to raise an empirical question: whether a non‐exclusive licensing for a technological exchange contributes to the firm's performance better than an exclusive licensing (closed) structure.

Data from 343 pharmaceutical firms were used to test effects of these exclusive versus non‐exclusive modes (attention‐structures) on inter‐firm knowledge flow and the firm's performance. Logistic regression was used to analyze the evidence.

The results revealed that the firm that used non‐exclusive licensing more than exclusive modes performs better. The performance was measured in two ways: efficiencies and returns, both on assets and on investment. It appears that non‐exclusive licensing is contributing more to the firm's overall performance than an exclusive licensing. This paper makes an argument in favour of an open attention‐structure.

The study is limited to one sector; it can be extended to other industrial sectors. Modes of governance can be extended to internalization or equity investment. The study is also limited to cross‐section analysis. Temporal factors can provide better insights. Knowledge type and its scope are also likely to influence the outcome. These areas provide opportunities for future research.

The study emphasises that structures may precede technologies. Therefore, relevant institutions need to be considered in favour of a non‐exclusive attention‐structure. These findings may be relevant for future research and practice or policy making.

This paper extends the literature by supporting the argument that the usage of knowledge can increase its value to all relevant stakeholders. It provides empirical evidence to indicate that relatively open systems are better for high technology sectors. The study is likely to provide a solution, as well as trigger contentions, in the future.

The purpose of this paper is to examine possible causes of failure of the commercialization of a high technology innovation, in order to explain the relationship between resource‐based view and institution‐based view as a contributing factor.

The research is based on a case study in a high technology sector. Qualitative evidence and analysis are used to draw some conclusions related to the causes of the failure of the commercialization process.

The main limitation is that the findings cannot be generalized. Moreover, the analysis is based on the author's individual interpretation and biases.

The case provides guidelines to innovators and entrepreneurs to develop new technologies and their businesses.

The article is based on a real case and it can be used as a base for future research and as teaching material.

The present study offers insight to the current literature regarding digital uncertainty and the hypothesis of portfolio optimisation by risk estimation index of the geopolitical risks (GPR). The examination investigates the effect of Geopolitical Risk Index which as of late was explored by Caldara and Iacoviello (2018) to shine a light to the impact of worldwide strain and struggle on excellent portfolio weights, and the link between Convex Risk Measures. Moreover, it investigates the way corporate administration, bank explicit indicators influence China banks' marketing profitability. Furthermore, we explored the idea of a directed linear space and given some sets of mathematical objects whose structure is represented by the concept of linear spaces.

Leaders have been facing serious challenges in managing organizations during COVID-19, which has brought the need for implementing sudden technological change across the globe. Hence, it was important to identify effective leadership styles to successfully manage the transformational process during the period. Therefore, the current study aims to explore and compare the effectiveness of transformational and ethical leadership (EL) in terms of achieving organizational goals during COVID-19 in public and private sector organizations in Pakistan.

Comparative research was carried out to find out the effectiveness of transformational and EL during and pre-COVID-19 in public and private sector organizations using the lens of social exchange theory. Data was collected from 214 respondents representing 67.6% of public and 32.4% of private sector organizations of Pakistan at two different points in time. Detailed comparative analyses were conducted in AMOS version 24 to assess the effectiveness of leadership styles before and during COVID-19 times.

On the whole, transformational leadership (TL) was found to have a greater impact on organizational effectiveness (OE) in comparison with EL in both pre-and during COVID-19 situations. Moreover, the effectiveness of TL significantly increased and the same decreased for EL during COVID-19. Additional analyses indicated that TL was effective for the private sector and EL for public sector organizations during COVID-19.

The study has not considered the mediating mechanisms of employee motivation, engagement and performance in the relationship between transformational and EL styles and OE, which can be explored in the future.

These results have important implications for private and public sector organizations and suggest that the adoption of a TL style will generate better results in the private sector and an EL style in public sector organizations to achieve OE in uncertain situations such as COVID-19.

The study shows that leadership with more care and concern for humanity tends to perform better in terms of generating results for OE. Therefore, both transformational and EL are based on individualized consideration for employees and are effective during COVID-19 in private and public sector organizations in Pakistan.

The study has carried out the comparative analyses in three different ways, including leadership styles (transformational and ethical), type of organization (private and public) and time frames (pre and during COVID-19), which is a true contribution of the research in the Pakistani context.

Currently, public-rented flats in Jakarta Province are managed by the Management Unit of Public-Rented Flats (MUPRF), which uses the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (RREB) as the source of its financing. However, several previous studies have suggested that the MUPRF change its institutional scheme, to be more independent and not rely on the RREB as its source of finance. The study aims to identify three variable groups, public-rented flats’ characteristics, alternative institutional and financial schemes and challenges in the change of institutional and financial schemes.

This is a qualitative research, where both triangulation and the Delphi method are used to enrich findings. Triangulation is used to collect data from more than one source, and the Delphi method is used to gather opinions from experts and reach a consensus on the variables identified in the triangulation process.

Based on the findings there are 11 variables of public-rented flats’ characteristics, three variables of alternative institutional and financial schemes and four variables of challenges in the change of institutional and financial scheme.

Through the triangulation process, only two sources were used, sources from previous research and regulations. In the Delphi method process, experts were staff from the Department of Community Housing and Settlement of the DKI Jakarta Province.

This research will be used as the basis on developing a system dynamics on how the MUPRF works as a system to figure out whether it can be changed into the alternative scheme proposed, with all the characteristics and challenges identified.