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As was discussed in the last article, the requirements for system safety are often couched in terms of the maximum permissible probability of occurrence. In many cases a part of the safety assessment involves estimating the probability of the various effects which originate from failures of components in the system. The probability methods used are generally quite simple. While this article makes no attempt to teach the reader statistics, it does try to give an insight into the practical applications.

This is the first of a series of articles about the methods used to achieve high safety standards in civil aircraft which employ complex systems. The topic is a large one, and some of the procedures of safety assessment are elaborate. The basic principles are, however, straightforward, and the purpose of these articles is to present a general picture of what is involved.

An essential of a satisfactory safety assessment is that it should be methodical. With an elaborate system, the sheer number of possible occurrences to be considered makes a systematic approach the one with the best prospects that nothing is overlooked. The particular approach is a matter of choice. It will depend on the system to be analysed; whether it is complex or simple; whether it embodies novel or well‐established features in its design; and whether its failure affects safety in a critical way.

When systems were themselves relatively simple, the airworthiness requirements applied to them were correspondingly simple. Generally the requirements were written separately for each class of system, and spelt out some engineering detail. These earlier requirements did not specify failure rates or reliability to be achieved. The possibility of failure was recognised by requiring, in a somewhat arbitrary fashion, the need to duplicate or provide standby systems.

This final article introduces some examples of safety assessments which, for one reason or another, vary from the conventional patterns. Some are still being developed, for instance methods of assessing active controls, and problems associated with the use of digital computation. The article finishes with a glimpse of possible future trends.

Two decades ago, the space age dawned, and we were awakened to a realm of technological possibilities beyond any we had imagined. Since that time, we have linked continents with communication satellites, sent probes to other planets, and seen men on the moon. And, although we have made achievements that were almost inconceivable 30 years ago, we are still far from realising our potential for a future in space.

This chapter focuses on the value of TED Lectures on the issue of domestic violence and abuse (DVA). It outlines a generic framework with which to understand and analyse the impact of TED Lectures on a theme as complex as DVA is, in the context of popular Western culture. It does so by looking in details at the Ted Lecture of Leslie Morgan Steiner from 2012, which aims to answer the question ‘Why Domestic Violence Victims Don't Leave: Crazy Love’ through her own personal experience.

In the attempt to understand the impact of this TED Lecture we look at the literature on TED Lectures, the unique aspects of DVA, who is the presenter, the impact and its components, the active viewers who sent written comments on the Ted Lectures, the technical effect, the comparison with two other Ted Lectures on DVA, ending by identifying gaps in the analysis provided by the three Ted Lectures.

Presenters share with the viewers their personal experience, as well as their experience as activists in organisations and programmes set out to change the status quo in the field of DVA.

The lectures impact through layers of emotional and intellectual facets, which speak to the individuals viewing them through the lens of their own emotional and intellectual experiences of DVA on the one hand, while on the other hand being also influenced by the mode of presentation and the presenter her/himself.

Investigates the differences in protocols between arbitral tribunals and courts, with particular emphasis on US, Greek and English law. Gives examples of each country and its way of using the law in specific circumstances, and shows the variations therein. Sums up that arbitration is much the better way to gok as it avoids delays and expenses, plus the vexation/frustration of normal litigation. Concludes that the US and Greek constitutions and common law tradition in England appear to allow involved parties to choose their own judge, who can thus be an arbitrator. Discusses e‐commerce and speculates on this for the future.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the dynamic dependence structure in credit risk between the money market and the derivatives market during 2004-2009. The authors use the TED spread to measure credit risk in the money market and CDS index spread for the derivatives market.

The dependence structure is measured by a time-varying Gaussian copula. A copula is a function that joins one-dimensional distribution functions together to form multivariate distribution functions. The copula contains all the information on the dependence structure of the random variables while also removing the linear correlation restriction. Therefore, provides a straightforward way of modelling non-linear and non-normal joint distributions.

The results show that the correlation between these two markets while fluctuating with a general upward trend prior to 2007 exhibited a noticeably higher correlation after 2007. This points to the evidence of credit contagion during the crisis. Three different phases are identified for the crisis period which sheds light on the nature of contagion mechanisms in financial markets. The correlation of the two spreads fell in early 2009, although remained higher than the pre-crisis level. This is partly due to policy intervention that lowered the TED spread while the CDS spread remained higher due to the Eurozone sovereign debt crisis.

The paper examines the relationship between the TED and CDS spreads which measure credit risk in an economy. This paper contributes to the literature on dynamic co-movement, contagion effects and risk linkages.