An exact analysis is presented for the creep deformation of solder interconnects subjected to the actions of bending moment, twisting moment and axial force. Dimensionless…
Abstract
An exact analysis is presented for the creep deformation of solder interconnects subjected to the actions of bending moment, twisting moment and axial force. Dimensionless interaction curves and charts which relate the variables, interconnect geometry, solder material properties, axial force, bending moment, twisting moment, bending stress, shearing stress, curvature rate and twist rate are also provided for engineering practice convenience. The constitutive relationship of the 96.5Sn3.5Ag solder interconnects is described by the Garofalo‐Arrhenius steady‐state creep equation.
Nancy Ursel, Xiaohua Lin and Jessica Li
Chinese companies have recently started listing ADRs in North American stock exchanges and thus offered an alternative venue for Western investors whose access to the Chinese…
Abstract
Chinese companies have recently started listing ADRs in North American stock exchanges and thus offered an alternative venue for Western investors whose access to the Chinese market has largely been limited to the illiquid B shares. Are ADRs a good substitute for investing in Chinese B Shares? We examine characteristics of return distributions for indices of Chinese shares and an index of Chinese ADRs. We also compare efficient frontiers for portfolios including Chinese shares and Chinese ADRs and compute possible portfolio allocations. We find that investing in Chinese ADRs does not provide a risk/return tradeoff similar to direct investment in Chinese stock exchanges.
Details
Keywords
This study examines the investment opportunities available for individual investors in the carbon emissions market. Volume, investment correlations, location of trade, return…
Abstract
This study examines the investment opportunities available for individual investors in the carbon emissions market. Volume, investment correlations, location of trade, return volatility, and price discovery are examined for the Barclays carbon emissions exchange traded note (ETN) launched in July of 2008 and traded in U.S. markets. Our main findings indicate this new type of asset evidences diversification benefits for individual investors. Its main source of volatility and price discovery is the underlying European futures carbon market.
Details
Keywords
An exact analysis is presented of the creep deformation of cylindrical solder interconnects subjected to the actions of bending moments, twisting moments, and axial forces…
Abstract
An exact analysis is presented of the creep deformation of cylindrical solder interconnects subjected to the actions of bending moments, twisting moments, and axial forces. Dimensionless interaction curves and charts are also provided for engineering practice convenience. These charts show the interactions of the relevant variables, i.e. interconnect geometry; solder material properties; axial force; bending moment; twisting moment; bending stress; shearing stress; curvature rate; and twist rate. In the results presented the Garofalo‐Arrhenius steady‐state creep equation is used to provide the constitutive relationship for SnPb36Ag2 solder interconnects.
Details
Keywords
G.T.S. Ho, H.C.W. Lau, S.H. Chung, R.Y.K. Fung, T.M. Chan and C.K.M. Lee
This paper aims to develop a genetic algorithm (GA)‐based process knowledge integration system (GA‐PKIS) for generalizing a set of nearly optimal fuzzy rules in quality…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to develop a genetic algorithm (GA)‐based process knowledge integration system (GA‐PKIS) for generalizing a set of nearly optimal fuzzy rules in quality enhancement based on the extracted fuzzy association rules in a supply chain network.
Design/methodology/approach
The proposed methodology provides all levels of employees with the ability to formulate nearly optimal sets of fuzzy rules to identify possible solutions for eliminating the number of defect items.
Findings
The application of the proposed methodology in the slider manufacturer has been studied. After performing the spatial analysis, the results obtained indicate that it is capable of ensuring the finished products with promising quality.
Research limitations/implications
In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach, only some processes within the supply chain are chosen. Future studies can advance this research by applying the proposed approach in different industries and processes.
Originality/value
Because of the complexity of the logistics operations along the supply chain, the traditional quality improvement approaches cannot address all the quality problems automatically and effectively. This newly developed GA‐based approach can help to optimize the process parameters along the supply chain network.
Details
Keywords
A 3D surface mesh generation scheme is suggested for the triangulation of general bi‐variate surfaces. The target surface to be meshed is represented as a union of bi‐variate…
Abstract
A 3D surface mesh generation scheme is suggested for the triangulation of general bi‐variate surfaces. The target surface to be meshed is represented as a union of bi‐variate sub‐surfaces and hence a wide range of surfaces can be modelled. Different useful features such as repeated curves, crack lines and surface branches are included in the geometrical and topological models to increase the flexibility of the mesh generation scheme. The surface metric tensor specification is employed to define and control the element characteristics in the mesh generation procedure. A robust metric triangulation kernel is used for parametric space mesh generation. The shape qualities of the sub‐surface meshes generated are then improved by using some ad hoc mesh quality enhancement schemes before they are combined together to form the final mesh. Numerical examples indicate that high quality surface meshes with rapid varying element size and stretching characteristics can be generated within a reasonable time limit in a few mesh adaptive iterations.
Details
Keywords
This paper aims to examine whether the release of news about policy interventions by the troika [European Union (EU)/the European Central Bank (ECB)/International Monetary Fund…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to examine whether the release of news about policy interventions by the troika [European Union (EU)/the European Central Bank (ECB)/International Monetary Fund (IMF)] in the crisis-affected EU countries (Cyprus, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain) and whether the policy responses of these countries’ governments had impacts on the return and risk of stocks in the financial and real-economy sectors of these countries.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper uses a broad set of news announcements concerning the troika authorities’ policy interventions and the policy responses of the affected Eurozone states’ governments. To test for the risk and return effects of these announcements during the crisis period, a set of regression equations is estimated under a difference-in-difference approach using intercept and slope dummy variables for news releases from troika authorities and from the national governments of the six EU countries. This enables unraveling the effects of the crisis (first difference) and the effects of news announcements (second difference).
Findings
The results indicate that the involvement of the troika managed to reverse some of the unfavourable market effects of the crisis. Moreover, the policy response of national governments was found to have stronger favourable effects in the markets of the affected countries implying that investors likely waited for the response of the national governments before they reacted to the policy actions of the troika. The simultaneous release of news from the troika and from national governments had adverse effects on the returns and risk of the firms in the real economy sectors, suggesting that cross-news announcements conveyed negative information in the markets.
Originality/value
The paper provides evidence on the effects of policy-related news announcements on the development of the recent sovereign debt crisis in Europe. This issue is highly important, as it can reveal the effectiveness of the IMF’s and EU authorities’ policy interventions in affected Eurozone member states during the first major crisis in Europe since the monetary union.
Details
Keywords
Sarahit Castillo-Benancio, Aldo Alvarez-Risco, Flavio Morales-Ríos, Maria de las Mercedes Anderson-Seminario and Shyla Del-Aguila-Arcentales
In a pandemic framework (COVID-19), this chapter explores the impact of the global economy and socio-cultures concerning three axes: recreational, tourism, and hospitality…
Abstract
In a pandemic framework (COVID-19), this chapter explores the impact of the global economy and socio-cultures concerning three axes: recreational, tourism, and hospitality. Although we slowly see an economic revival, it is well known that this sector of study is very susceptible to being affected by the context of nations. Following restrictions and measures taken by governments around the world to reduce the number of cases of coronavirus infections, many nations closed their borders, affecting international travel and by 2020 tourism had been reduced to the near cessation of operations due to the imminent fear of this poorly studied disease, and the service sector was negatively affected. It should be added that, according to the World Tourism Organization's projections, a decrease of between 20 and 30% is forecast for 2020 compared to the previous year.
Details
Keywords
Based on a case study, this paper discusses the issues raised and problems faced when trying to negotiate access to the system of statutory reviews for older people residing in…
Abstract
Based on a case study, this paper discusses the issues raised and problems faced when trying to negotiate access to the system of statutory reviews for older people residing in care homes in England. Efforts to recruit participants proved to be more difficult than anticipated. However, the prolonged period of field negotiation yielded its own set of data with which to better understand the adult social care system in England. The paper provides a critical reflection on the reasons behind the care managers’ reluctance to participate and the strategies employed to deflect attention or resist involvement. The discussion provides a broader context in order to allow for wider applicability of the findings across other similar situations.
Details
Keywords
Qingqing Huang and Vivian W.Y. Lee
While blended learning has been proved to be successful in learning outcomes, the landscape of blended learning has changed under coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Hence…
Abstract
Purpose
While blended learning has been proved to be successful in learning outcomes, the landscape of blended learning has changed under coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Hence, the present study aims to explore first-year university students' perceptions of wholly blended learning during the pandemic, through the three constructs in the community of inquiry (CoI) instrument, namely teaching, social and cognitive presences (CPs).
Design/methodology/approach
Survey data (N = 449) were collected from the 2020 Fall Cohort in Hong Kong for quantitative analysis. Reliability and validity of the CoI model is examined, followed by correlation and independent-samples t-tests.
Findings
First-year students perceived overall low teaching, social and CPs with social presence (SP) scoring the highest. Findings also indicated that teaching presence (TP) significantly determined CP and SP; SP was a mediating variable in CoI. Students' gender and prior learning experience (online/blended) were not associated with perceptions of presences.
Practical implications
Students today are more familiar with technology-based communication, and staying up to date in educational technology is crucial for teachers. Trainings in online teaching should be provided to teachers. Also, interactive technology should focus on improving peer interaction.
Originality/value
The proposed study is novel in that it used the CoI model among first-year students in Hong Kong during the pandemic. Findings are valuable to higher education in understanding students' perception of bended learning and in addressing issues.