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The classical methods of designing induction heaters, usually supplied from the network or machine medium frequency generators, require the following assumption to be made: the voltage at the terminals of the coil is sinusoidal; the frequency of the voltage, the power surface density or the density of the heating flux, the material properties of the charge are constant and the electromagnetic and the temperature fields are considered to be uncoupled.

The problem of generating currents of neural cells in human brain has been recently investigated, as it is believed to substitute electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) having the same therapeutic effects but realized in much safer way (painless, non‐invasive and without motor seizure). The magnetic stimulation (transcranial magnetic stimulation — TMS) uses low frequency pulse, from a few cycles per second to a few of tens, magnetic field in order to induce eddy currents in the deeper layer of brain structure.

The interactions of electromagnetic fields and biological structures are of great interest both from medical and technological points of view. The medical aspect is well‐known even in archaic medicine while bio‐electrotechnology is being developed just at recent time. Especially it is readily seen when dealing with electric field and its influence on living cells. Biologists and biochemists are mainly interested in the voltage induced in the cell membrane (transmembrane voltage). This gives the information about forces acting on membrane which cause the phenomenon called dielectrophoresis. The other phenomenon which joins electromagnetic field and biological structures is electroporesity when the pores in a membrane are caused by electric field. It seems that the latter case requires carefully carried calculations since the transmembrane voltage decides on the phenomenon. The paper, however, does not aim at very biological effect; our goal is to show how the electric field in the cell and the membrane voltage should be calculated. It should be stressed that the research in bio‐electromagnetism is on very initial step as concerns the calculation methods. This results from two facts: the first is that so far there were no links between people working on computational electromagnetism and biologists and the second comes from the complex nature of biological structures which cannot be modelled as easy as it is with technical products. Thus, the paper is aiming at showing how the cell is modelled and what the main dependencies which govern electromagnetic phenomena are. This may be considered as an introductory step to further activity in this area.

Opportunities for shareholder value creation from deep decarbonization in fossil fuel and related industries may be unlocked with a permanent change in corporate governance practices. The purpose of this study is to highlight the conceptual links between corporate collaborations, decarbonization and equity value creation to enable the large-scale reallocation of funds necessary to halve carbon emissions by the end of this decade.

Consistent with shareholder value maximization, the author uses the constant dividend growth framework to show that a permanent change in corporate governance practices can impact expectations of future cash flows and required rates of return. This study includes a simulation to explore how perpetual corporate collaborations on decarbonization that influence the key equity value drivers can add value to the equity of collaborative firms.

Perpetual corporate collaborations with key stakeholders focused on equity value drivers hold great potential for accelerating the reallocation of funds to low-carbon assets. Simulation results suggest that relatively small changes, especially in required rates of return, may result in substantial increases in equity values for collaborative leaders in deep decarbonization.

This study identifies new sources of shareholder value from long-term corporate collaborations with key stakeholders on deep decarbonization. A collaborative focus on important equity value drivers can attract capital also to hard-to-abate industries and initiate sharp cuts in carbon emissions. Corporate governance practices, thus, reformed render shareholder value creation incentive compatible with rapidly decarbonizing global supply chains, making it possible to meet climate action goals by 2030.

Deals with the problems of interactions between the electromagnetic field and the human brain. In particular, the problem of eddy currents in brain tissue induced for medical purposes is discussed. The mathematical modelling of the phenomenon is presented.

Gives a bibliographical review of the finite element methods (FEMs) applied in biomedicine from the theoretical as well as practical points of view. The bibliography at the end of the paper contains 748 references to papers, conference proceedings and theses/dissertations dealing with the finite element analyses and simulations in biomedicine that were published between 1985 and 1999.

The paper presents a historical review, the state of the art and recent advances in the field of computational electromagnetics at leading universities and research institutes in Poland. Contributions made by Polish scientists to the development of fundamental electromagnetism, as well as to computational methods, are emphasized, and some conclusions are drawn regarding expected future developments.

The purpose of the paper is to find a speed control structure with two degrees of freedom robust against drive parameters variations. Application of structure model following control (MFC) and fuzzy technique in the controller of PI type creates proper non‐linear characteristics, which ensures controller robustness.

The use of proper structure with two degrees of freedom and non‐linear characteristic introduced by fuzzy technique ensures the robustness of the speed control system. The paper proposes a novel approach to MFC synthesis to be performed in two stages. The first stage consists in the set value of P type controller of model and the process controller simultaneously should be designing by fuzzy technique. At the second stage of the synthesis consist in tuning parameters of process fuzzy controller by the swarm of particles method (particle swarm optimization) on the basis of a defined quality index formulated in the paper. The synthesis is performed using simulation techniques and subsequently the behavior of a laboratory speed control system is validated in the experimental setup. The control algorithms of the system are performed by a microprocessor floating point DSP control system.

Use of proper structure with two degrees of freedom of the non‐linear fuzzy controller guarantees expected robustness and improves the dynamics of speed control significantly.

The proposed structure of MFC was tested on a single machine under well‐defined conditions. Further investigations are required before any industrial applications.

The proposed controller synthesis and its results may be very helpful in robotic system where changing of system parameters is characteristic for many industrial robots and manipulators.

The paper proposes an original method of synthesis of robust system with two degrees of freedom system validated by simulation and experimental investigations.