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Firms can use dividends and/or share repurchases to distribute cash to shareholders. Jagannathan, Stephens, and Weisbach (2000) argue that managers tend to use dividends to pay out permanent cash flows and repurchases to pay out temporary cash flows. This paper examines Korean firms’ decisions on their choices between paying out cash flows in the form of dividends or share repurchases. We focus on the permanence of cash flows. To complete this analysis, we decompose cash flows into a transitory component and a permanent one of each firm, employing the approach of Beveridge and Nelson (1981). We find that higher permanent cash flows increase the probability of a dividend increase, while higher temporary cash flows increase the probability of repurchases. And Korean firms tend to choose both dividend change and repurchases when temporary cash flows increase, rather than to choose only repurchases without dividend change. These empirical results show that Korean firms take into consideration of permanence of cash flows in the choice of their payout methods.

The purpose of this study is to introduce a dedicated simulator to automatically generate and simulate a balanced apparel assembly line, which is critical to the digital twin concept in apparel manufacturing. Given the low automation level in apparel manufacturing, this is a first step toward the implementation of a smart factory based on cyber-physical systems.

The mixed task assignment algorithm was implemented to automatically generate a module-based apparel assembly line in the developed simulator. To validate the developed simulator, a case study was conducted using process analysis data of technical jackets obtained from an apparel manufacturer. The case study included three scenarios: calculating the number of workers, selecting orders based on factory capacity and managing unexpected worker absences.

The developed simulator is approximately 97.2% accurate in assigning appropriate tasks to workstations using the mixed task assignment algorithm. The simulator was also found to be effective in supporting decision-making for production planning, order selection and apparel assembly line management. In addition, the module-based line generation algorithm made it easy to modify the assembly line.

This study contributes a novel approach to address the challenge of low automation levels in apparel manufacturing by introducing a dedicated simulator. This dedicated simulator improves the efficiency of virtual apparel assembly line generation and simulation, which distinguishes it from existing commercial simulation software.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a similarity evaluation method between virtual and actual clothing.

The paper analyzes the subjective and objective evaluation results of virtual and actual clothing.

In this paper, significant factors affecting the evaluation of similarity between actual and virtual clothing have been found.

Evaluation experiment was performed only for a skirt. However, the method can be easily applied for other types of garments.

The evaluation of similarity between actual and virtual garment will be facilitated.

The garment design process can be facilitated by simulating garments in virtual space.

There has not been any quantitative evaluation method for the similarity of virtual and actual garment.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework for an interactive clothing that offers a self-directed learning environment in which learners can practice exercises in a time and cost-efficient manner.

To verify the validity of the framework, an interactive shirt has been developed that can help its wearer practicing certain motor skills in a self-directed manner. This shirt enables the wearer to set reference body postures and to compare current posture with them and can notify whether its wearer repeats them correctly or not through vibrotactile feedback.

The interactive shirt prototype developed in this study will offer an environment in which learners can practice exercises in a time and cost-efficient manner.

The smart garment framework developed in this study consists of sensor-actuator module, switch device and control software. As this framework is easily scalable, it is expected that it can be used for various smart garment projects where an interaction between the garment and its wearer is needed.

To analyze the changes in craniofacial morphology during speaking and wearing masks using three-dimensional head data and to develop a design method for ergonomic face shields.

Around six types of face postures for three-dimensional measurement were selected; a total of 180 head data of 40 men in their 20s and 30s were used. About 17 landmarks and 23 body dimensions were measured for analysis.

Among the 23 anthropometric dimensions, eight in posture “a,” two in posture “i,” seven in posture “u,” ten in KF94 and ten in N95 were found to change significantly. Previous studies and public health recommendations selected three key dimensions for face shield design. A face shield design method using selected dimensions as parameters was developed.

To improve public health and enhance social interaction during pandemics or in environments requiring facial protection. This can lead to increased compliance with public health guidelines and reduce discomfort and communication barriers caused by ill-fitting face shields.

By developing an ergonomic face shield design that accommodates variations in craniofacial morphology during speaking and mask, the study addresses the need for more comfortable and effective protective equipment. The face shield designed using the methodology developed in this study was verified on a digital head model to demonstrate a good fit.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a versatile and extensible three-dimensional (3D) body measurement system.

An integrated development environment and a script language compiler were designed for easy definition of measurement process.

Researchers can do every kind of anthropometric research with respect to gender, age or race simply by writing appropriate scripts.

System does not support the management of 3D data itself. The possible flaws of data should be removed by other hardware specific software.

Researchers without comprehensive knowledge of computer programming can conduct complex anthropometric research by simply learning the concise script language.

This system will facilitate many anthropometric research works and will help to provide valuable information to many industries.

This is the first script language based body data analysis system. The script language consists of about 60 simple commands. Researchers will be able to concentrate more on the research topic itself than on the painstaking computer programming.

The purpose of this study is to develop a modular garment assembly line simulator that can be used for various production methods such as traditional mass production or modern small quantity batch production.

For realistic simulation, the actual shape and sewing information of the garment patterns were used. The assembly line consists of process units including the cutter, preprocessor, module assembly, final assembly, finish, and stack units. Any number of units can be arranged and connected to form various layouts. The simulation can be run at an arbitrary speed.

This system can be used to estimate the time required to process the given order for a specific layout. Therefore, it can be utilized as the basis for optimum production line design.

This system is expected to be utilized by garment manufacturers for obtaining the productivity improvement, production cost reduction, and increased competitiveness.

This study aims to develop a novel design method to make personalized masks for the effective prevention of pandemic respiratory infectious disease.

The changes in facial shape during speaking were analyzed using a three-dimensional (3D) scanning technique. In total, 13 anthropometric items were measured, and mask patterns were generated using a parametric pattern design method. Three sizing methods were proposed to reflect not only static but also dynamic body dimensions on the mask patterns.

A significant increase or decrease was observed in 10 out of 13 measurement items. Based on this, four items were selected to be used in the mask pattern design. The nose and cheek areas of a mask were fixed to protect the respiratory tract against viruses. The lower jaw area was deformed to improve the fit.

This study is expected to provide fundamental data to understand the changes in facial shape during movement. In addition, it is expected that the development of individualized personal protective equipment with movement adaptability will facilitate an effective response to various pandemic respiratory diseases.

In order to develop a personal protective equipment (PPE) that has a good fit and can protect against pandemic respiratory infectious diseases, morphological analysis was attempted using 3D facial data. It would be possible to design various products and equipment to be worn on the face by using the method proposed in this study.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a software can generate helmet mold from three-dimensional (3D) human body scan data.

An algorithm has been developed to divide data into arbitrary number of groups considering the width, length and height of head using the standard normal distribution theory. A basic helmet mold is generated automatically based on the shape of representative convex hull for each group.

It is possible to analyze the 3D human body scan data of groups with various characteristics and apply them to mass customized production of helmet.

This methodology can be applied for designing other products related to the head shape such as goggles and masks by varying the measurement items of the head.

This methodology will enable mass customized production centered on consumers in the production and design of various equipment and goods to be worn on the head.

An algorithm has been developed to define the vertex point, which is the limit of scan data, for the analysis of 3D human body scan data scan data. In addition, a system was developed that can mass-produce customized products by effectively dividing groups while taking into account the physical characteristics of consumers.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a system to design a bulletproof pad for chest protection using three-dimensional body scan data.

Body data were divided into arbitrary number of groups based on the standard normal distribution theory, considering the width and height of the upper body. Several parameters were used to define the cover area of the bulletproof pad, and the shape of this area of each model in a group was averaged to generate the standard bulletproof pad model for that group.

It is possible to use three-dimensional body scan data in the design process of a mass-customized bulletproof pad for chest protection.

It is expected that it would be possible to design not only bulletproof pad but also many kinds of body-related products that need to reflect the shape of body using the methodology developed in this study.

Using this system, the mass customization of special garments and equipment would be possible, which will improve the wearers’ comfort and work efficiency.

Three-dimensional body measurement, parametric definition of cover area and user interface for shape modification developed in this study will facilitate the consumer-oriented product design.