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This study aims to model power demand and energy consumption of fused filament fabrication (FFF) for carbon fiber-reinforced polyether-ether-ketone (CFR-PEEK) based on a material addition rate (MAR), which is affected by process parameter changes in an FFF machine. Moreover, a virtual additive manufacturing (AM) plant handling multiple FFF machines and part designs is simulated to compare the energy and production dynamics of operational strategies that treat part orders differently based on their inherent MAR.

A full-factorial design of experiments considering major FFF parameters (i.e., layer thickness and printing speed) is planned to fabricate CFR-PEEK samples for each process parameter combination. Then, the MAR of each process parameter combination is calculated to derive regression models for average power demand and total energy consumption. Furthermore, a discrete-event simulation model for a virtual AM system of aircraft parts is built to analyze changes in power demand and energy consumption along with order lead time and production volume under three operational strategies (i.e., higher MAR first-out, first-in-first-out, and lower MAR first-out).

The MAR of FFF for CFR-PEEK plays a key role in energy dynamics in which a decrease in energy consumption dominates over an increase in power demand as the MAR increases. Furthermore, preferentially processing parts with a higher MAR in the AM system is the most beneficial strategy in both energy consumption and productivity.

The findings from this study show that the energy performance of CFR-PEEK applications in FFF should be understood with the MAR of an AM system because the impact of AM complexity on energy performance can be operationally controlled by managing the MAR of part orders for the entire AM system.

The purpose of this study is to examine the nonlinear relationship between executive stock options and strategic risk taking and to investigate the moderating effect of CEO characteristics (CEO age and tenure). This study aims to analyze whether the impact of executive stock options on strategic risk-taking is moderated by CEO compensation and characteristics.

This study is based on a sample of 90 French firms for the period extending from 2008 to 2021. To deal with the nonlinear relationship, the author adopts a dynamic threshold model.

The results reveal that the impact of CEO stock options on firm strategic risk-taking is nonlinear and moderated by CEO age and tenure. Using research and development (R&D) as a measure of risk taking, the author show a positive relationship between executive stock option and R&D below the threshold value of stock option, CEO age and tenure and it becomes negative above.

Stock options, CEO age and tenure shows that CEO characteristics and compensation structure are major determinants in defining the direction of the nonlinear relationship between CEO stock options and firm strategic risk-taking.

The author extends through this paper the existing research on executive stock option, strategic risk-taking and CEO characteristics using a nonlinear dynamic estimator that caters to the problems of endogeneity. Insights from the findings provide boards and regulators with a better understanding of structuring CEO compensation.