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This review investigates the effects of temporal aggregation and systematic sampling on time-series analysis, focusing on their influence on data accuracy, interpretability and statistical properties. The purpose of the study is to synthesise existing literature on the topic and offer insights into the trade-offs between these data reduction techniques.

The research methodology is based on an extensive review of theoretical and empirical studies covering univariate and multivariate time series models, focusing on unit roots, ARIMA, GARCH, cointegration properties and Granger Causality.

The key findings reveal that while temporal aggregation simplifies data by emphasising long-term trends, it can obscure short-term fluctuations, potentially leading to biases in analysis. Similarly, systematic sampling enhances computational efficiency but risks information loss, especially in non-stationary data, and may result in biased samples if sampling intervals coincide with data periodicity. The review highlights the complexities and trade-offs involved in applying these methods, particularly in fields like economic forecasting, climate modelling and financial analysis.

The originality and value of this study lie in its comprehensive synthesis of the impacts of these techniques across various time series properties. It underscores the importance of context-specific applications to preserve data integrity, offering recommendations for best practices in the use of temporal aggregation and systematic sampling in time-series analysis.

Urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has seen rapid growth in recent decades, resulting in significant changes to the region’s landscape and ecosystems, including wetlands. This study aims to examine the causes and effects of urbanization on wetlands. This study lays down the need to intervene to protect and restore wetlands in SSA.

The methodology used was a systematic literature review, supported by the VOSviewer software and the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews criteria, with data analyzed using abductive reasoning and content analysis.

This study found that a complex web of factors reflecting regional and global trends propels urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa. Urbanization is driven by population growth, economic development, infrastructure development and migration, leading to significant changes in the region’s ecosystems. The key effects include biodiversity loss, flooding and altered hydrology, water quality degradation and loss of livelihood. The study identifies sprawling urbanization, densification, informal settlement, fragmented urbanization and planned urban expansion as patterns of urbanization affecting wetlands.

This study offers practical recommendations for policymakers, planners and local communities to ensure long-term urban sustainability while conserving wetland ecosystems in SSA. Thus, there is a need for continued cooperation, technology and discovery sharing, and cooperative research funding initiatives with the global community. It also commends implementing green infrastructure, like artificial wetlands, to mitigate the adverse environmental effects and promote sustainable development.

This study used VOSviewer software visualization to uncover structural trends and research frontiers, focusing on wetland conservation in the context of urban areas in SSA, where rapid urbanization adds to wetland degradation.

This study aims to investigate whether board gender diversity has improved and influence environment, social and governance (ESG) performance. It also explores whether firm earning volatility moderates the relationship between board gender diversity and ESG performance.

This study uses 907 final firm-year observations of public firms listed on the Australian Securities Exchange from 2010 to 2023.

The findings show that women’s representation on board has improved following the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) amendment and is significantly associated with higher ESG performance; however, firm earning volatility weakens the positive influence of women directors on ESG performance. The results remained the same even after addressing potential endogeneity concerns and are robust across (1) alternative proxies, (2) dynamic, (3) two-step system generalized methods of moments and (4) difference-in-differences model.

In addition, the findings of this study offer important practical implications for investors to focus on companies with higher female representation on their boards and demonstrating strong financial stability. It also has important practical implications for policymakers in understanding the importance of considering the time required to achieve meaningful board diversity and sufficient financial resources to meet the expectations of ASX recommendations and principles.

This study contributes to the academic literature by providing empirical evidence of how firm earning volatility affects the relationship between board gender diversity and ESG performance. Notably, the author identifies the previously unexplored moderating role of firm earnings volatility in this relationship. The result underscores the importance of stable financial conditions for maintaining the positive influence of board gender diversity on corporate sustainable practices.

This study aims to examine whether and how the presence of co-opted directors (directors appointed after the incumbent CEO) influences corporate climate risk disclosure.

This study comprehensively analyses 2,975 firm-year observations of US-listed companies, using ordinary least squares with industry and year-fixed effects. To confirm the reliability of the study results, the authors used several techniques, including propensity score matching, to address potential issues with functional form misspecification, analysed a subset of companies where co-option persisted over two consecutive years to mitigate concerns regarding reverse causality and difference-in-differences estimation, using the cheif executive officer’s (CEO’s) sudden death as an exogenous shock to board co-option to mitigate endogeneity concerns.

The findings indicate that the presence of a large number of co-opted directors negatively influences corporate climate risk disclosure. Mediation analysis suggests that managerial risk-taking partially mediates this negative association. Moderation analyses show that the negative impact of co-opted directors on climate risk disclosure is more pronounced in firms with greater linguistic obfuscation, limited external monitoring and in environmentally sensitive industries. Moreover, co-opted directors intentionally withhold or obscure the disclosure of transition climate risks more than physical climate risks.

This research has important implications for policymakers, regulators and corporate governance practitioners in designing board structures by highlighting the adverse impact of co-opted directors in contexts with lax regulatory enforcement and managerial discretion. The authors caution against relying on such directors for providing climate-related risk disclosures, especially in companies with poor external monitors and based in environmental sensitivities, as their placement can significantly undermine transparency and accountability.

This study adds to the existing body of knowledge by highlighting the previously unexplored phenomenon of intentional obscurity in disclosing climate risks by co-opted directors. This research provides novel insights into the interplay between board composition, managerial risk-taking behaviour and climate risk disclosure. The findings of this study have significant implications for policymakers, regulators and corporate governance experts, and may prompt a re-evaluation of strategies for improving climate risk disclosure practices.

This study examines whether digital streaming and observation technologies can serve as an alternative approach for collecting inventory audit evidence, the challenges faced in their adoption and the factors contributing to their non-adoption.

This study adopts a two-stage, mixed-method approach, beginning with pilot study interviews that informed the comprehensive survey with qualitative and quantitative data. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests and Pearson’s correlation coefficient, while qualitative data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

Our findings revealed a positive perspective concerning the effectiveness and reliability of these technologies for inventory audits and the efficiency of internal controls within them, despite challenges such as obtaining a holistic view of the warehouse, observing obsolescence, ensuring inventory completeness and general reliability concerns. Additionally, preferences for physical inventory audits and skepticism about these technologies’ potential to enhance audit quality were identified as factors contributing to their non-adoption.

These findings have important implications for cost-conscious firms because they reveal that carefully adopting intermediate technologies can enhance the audit process. Our findings are relevant to audit regulators and firms interested in determining whether such technologies enhance audit efficiency and quality. This study highlights the need for updated auditing standards and directives and technologies that meet auditing requirements.

This study contributes to the literature by uncovering whether less advanced technologies can be used as an alternative approach to collect audit evidence. Consequently, the finding adds to the growing body of literature underscoring the potential of technologies, even less sophisticated ones, to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of audits, despite their challenges. Additionally, it underscores the need for clear regulatory standards, suggests that auditors embrace emerging technologies and acquire relevant skills and offers insights for technology developers on audit firms’ concerns regarding digital technologies.

The purpose of this study is to assess the implications of auditor–client geographic proximity on audit fees, audit report lag and audit quality in the context of an emerging economy, Bangladesh.

The auditor–client proximity is gauged in kilometers and travel time, consistent with prior research to assess its association with audit fees, audit report lag and audit quality. Analyzing a data set of 469 firm-year observations from 2018 to 2021 through panel regression, the results are then interpreted in accordance with cluster theory and transaction cost theory.

The findings affirm a significant positive association of auditor–client proximity with audit fees and audit report lag. Distant auditors charge lower fees and maintain the timeliness of audit reports to capture and retain distant clients. In addition, the study uncovers a negative association between proximity and audit quality. Geographic proximity can create a familiarity threat between the management team of the client and the local auditor, which can decrease audit quality. These associations are more pronounced in low-risk clients than the high-risk ones.

These findings underscore the intricate interplay between geographic proximity, communication hurdles and their effects on diverse facets of the audit process that both auditor and client should consider in future audit engagement.

This research criticizes the existing literature linking auditor–client proximity with audit quality, fees and report lags and provides novel insight from an emerging economy context.

This article delves into the antecedents of business performance. The main aim of this study is to analyze the effect of knowledge transformation on business performance in firms in the tourism industry and how cognitive and structural social capital heterogeneously moderate this relationship.

The empirical study was conducted on a sample of 300 firms from the tourism industry in Arequipa-Perú. The analysis was performed by means of partial least squares structural equation modeling, using the Smart PLS software.

Our findings show that knowledge transformation is key factor for increasing business performance. The results also highlight the significance of interorganizational relationships in this effect and the importance of analyzing each dimension of social capital separately. Thus, it is observed that cognitive social capital enhances the relationship between knowledge transformation and business performance, while (Sari and Indriani, 2023) structural social capital hinders it.

The findings assist practitioners in developing a shared culture, values and goals with their contacts to improve business performance. Furthermore, firms should establish bridging ties with external agents to avoid be stuck in excessively dense networks. Relationships with institutions can act as a bridging agent.

This paper analyses the unresolved question of how knowledge transformation affects the business performance of companies in the tourism sector as well as how different dimensions of social capital influence in this relationship. Addressing these two critical, but as yet unresolved questions, this study draws on absorptive capacity and social capital theories as an overarching framework to present a conceptual model that integrates both theories in order to analyze the effect of knowledge transformation on business performance in tourism firms and the role of structural and cognitive capital on this relationship.

This study examines the efficiency dynamics of public health service providers in Colombia between 2010 and 2021. In order to achieve this objective, a data panel is utilized to assess the effectiveness of 841 institutions across three levels of complexity (1, 2 and 3) in providing patient care, taking into account user satisfaction from 2010 to 2021.

By employing growth mixture analysis (GMA) and other statistical techniques, we may identify unique efficiency profiles among hospitals with different levels of complexity.

The results demonstrate varied efficiency patterns, with certain profiles generally retaining or improving efficiency over time, while others observe fluctuations or reductions. Efficiency outcomes are significantly impacted by factors such as capital investment, operational costs and workforce mix. Efficiency levels can be improved by making strategic investments in capital infrastructure and implementing effective operational cost management.

Changes in the healthcare market conditions in recent years in Colombia have compelled healthcare providers (IPS) to transform themselves into sustainable organizations.

This study aims to examine whether engineer chief executive officers (CEOs) influence corporate risk-taking behaviour. We further examine the corporate characteristics that facilitate this association.

We argue that engineer CEOs have unique skills and access to technical and/or technological social circles, increasing their self-confidence in decision-making. Using upper echelon and imprint theories, we hypothesise a positive association between engineer CEOs and corporate risk-taking. We hand-collected data of engineer CEOs in a sample of Australian listed firms from 2015 to 2022, and corporate risk-taking is measured based on stock return volatility and return on asset volatility over three overlapping years. The hypothesis is examined using regression analysis, followed by robustness tests.

The analysis indicates a positive association between engineering CEOs and corporate risk-taking. The results are robust to fixed effect regressions, propensity score matching, accounting for residuals of the engineer CEO variable, and two-stage least squares (2SLS) methods. We traced sources of corporate risk-taking, finding that financial leverage and sales growth facilitate risky investments.

The results present implications for the literature, corporate leaders, investors and regulators in understanding the role of CEOs’ technical expertise in determining corporate risk appetite. The results are insightful for stakeholders by revealing that engineer CEOs increase the corporate risk profile.

This paper reveals that engineering CEOs increase corporate risk profiles, showing the importance of considering the specific expertise of leaders independently in understanding corporate risk-taking behaviour.

This paper aims to analyse the impact of various climate change indicators on economic growth while further scrutinising the overall efficiency of environmental policies adopted at the European Union (EU) level. The paper considers the European Green Deal policy framework as a prism for assessing whether an increase in environmental expenditure mitigates climate change.

Given the duality of the study, this paper examines the immediate impact of climate change on economic growth by using multiple linear regression and evaluates the effectiveness of environmental policies through a multiple indicators multiple cause (MIMIC) Model. As the paper assesses the policy efficiency in EU countries, this paper has used various climate and economic-related indicators from all 27 EU member states for a period of 12 years (2010–2021).

The results suggest that the macroeconomic environment is indeed impacted by climate change mechanisms, particularly through industrial activity that leads to pollution and resource depletion. Furthermore, through the MIMIC model approach, the results display that environmental expenditures have also diminished the risks associated with climate change indicators, especially in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

This paper provides a clear overview of the manner in which climate change risks affect economic growth and, in turn, how EU countries are mitigating such risks. It proposes a traditional yet controversial method for assessing the correlation between indicators and corresponding causes whilst also considering various indicators to explain the means through which the EU Commission had applied its adopted environmental policies to mitigate environmental risks.