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The paper investigates an unusual form of social enterprising located in a poor region of Pakistan. The purpose of this paper is to examine a novel form of micro social enterprise. Their form and functions are considered, examining how they conform to what is expected of a social enterprise. The extreme cases are analysed to reflect on what constitutes the explanatory characteristics of a social enterprise.

Information on examples of micro social entrepreneurship was collected from the troubled context of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, a very poor region of Pakistan. Using the constant comparison method, explanatory themes of structure and practice are drawn out.

These enterprising social agents were engaged in opening up an opportunity space for those disadvantaged by the context. Driven by a strong sense of community responsibility, they drew upon limited, but culturally available resources. Relevance, embeddedness and informality were identified as structural characteristics, and bricolage and effectuation, frugality and social responsibility emerged as practices. Not only did context shape what they did and how they did it, but the purpose of these enterprises was also to help reshape context. From this analysis, it is argued that conceptual concerns should be directed towards behaviours; it should be asked how are enterprises agents of social change, and how are they enterprising?

It is argued that a robust indicator for social enterprise is not what they are, but what they do. Consequently, for understanding and theorising, it is suggested that the focus remain on enterprising. This study was limited to unusual cases which may be atypical and ungeneralisable. Nonetheless, the concept – enterprising – may have theoretical applications.

In reviewing the analysis and findings, it is noted that the proposals in the paper may comprise the early stages of a theory of social entrepreneurship practice. There may be considerable explanatory power in examining the interplays between the agency of social enterprises and the structures that are constituted in the formal and informal institutions with whom they interact.

Descriptively, the account draws attention to a possibly neglected phenomenon. Moreover, the extreme cases draw out the significance of a localised practice. Conceptually, there may be value in prioritising practice in social enterprise rather than form and structure.

This systematic review (SR) aims to evaluate and summarize the effectiveness of using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) intervention among individuals diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as well as to highlight the standardized EMDR-based interventional protocol.

This SR is guided according to preferred reporting items for SRs and meta-analyses standards. Several online databases were used in searching for eligible studies in peer-reviewed journals relevant to the study keywords. The included studies were SRs and clinical trials that used EMDR interventions among patients experiencing PTSD symptoms, older than 18 years and were published in English language from 2015 to 2022. Three researchers independently contributed to study selections, data extraction and study evaluations from different aspects, including quality assessment, risk of bias and study synthesis.

A total of eight published studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this SR; four articles were randomized controlled trials and four were SR and meta-analysis studies. In all included studies, the EMDR was used as a primary psychotherapy intervention for PTSD symptoms. The results of this extensive and comprehensive review showed that EMDR is an effective psychotherapeutic intervention to reduce and control the severity of symptoms among individuals with PTSD.

It is important to acknowledge several limitations inherent in this study. First and foremost, it is noteworthy to mention that only studies conducted in the English language were included in this review, potentially restricting the overall scope and diversity of the findings. Furthermore, the number of studies incorporated into this review was limited, which may have implications for the comprehensiveness and generalizability of the results. Finally, it is worth noting that certain studies within this review had a relatively small sample size, which could potentially limit the statistical power and precision of the conclusions drawn.

This paper, a review of the literature, gives an overview of EMDR effectiveness, provides baseline information and plays a significant role in decreasing the gap in Jordanian literature regarding using EMDR as the strongest evident psychotherapy approach for PTSD treatment to help psychiatrists, psychologists and psychiatric nurses in the health-care sectors to design comprehensive strategies to enhance and improve the quality of health care and patients’ status.

EMDR intervention offers significant alternative treatment opportunities for individuals suffering from PTSD, depression and anxiety. The implementation of EMDR for depression, anxiety and PTSD improves patient outcomes as compared to standard therapeutic modalities in PTSD.

This SR gives an overview and explains strong supportive evidence for the effectiveness of EMDR interventions among individuals with PTSD. Therefore, EMDR therapy could be assumed as one standard treatment option for PTSD, aiming at reducing treatment duration and cost of treatment and restoring the mental well-being and functionality of those suffering from PTSD.

The purpose of this paper is to study the new (3 + 1)-dimensional integrable fourth-order nonlinear equation which is used to model the shallow water waves.

By means of the Cole–Hopf transform, the bilinear form of the studied equation is extracted. Then the ansatz function method combined with the symbolic computation is implemented to construct the breather, multiwave and the interaction wave solutions. In addition, the subequation method tis also used to search for the diverse travelling wave solutions.

The breather, multiwave and the interaction wave solutions and other wave solutions like the singular periodic wave structure and dark wave structure are obtained. To the author’s knowledge, the solutions obtained are all new and have never been reported before.

The solutions obtained in this work have never appeared in other literature and can be regarded as an extension of the solutions for the new (3 + 1)-dimensional integrable fourth-order nonlinear equation.

The paper aims to present and interpret excellence through the parchments of the ancient Hellenic philosophy and the different schools of management thought and its application in the university context.

The approach taken in the paper is theoretical and is based on the writings of ancient Hellenes philosophers and management researchers, a semasiologic analysis of the term “excellence” in Hellenic and its content in the university context and a comparison with the basic principles of total quality management (TQM).

The findings of the paper support the view that the ancient Hellenes philosophers had a substantial contribution in the development of excellence and TQM fundamental concepts, as proved by their writings 2,400 years ago. It is worth mentioning that the term aristeia (excellence, in Hellenic) hides in it, as appears from the analysis of the word, the idea of good in an exemplary way and the factors that constitute the teachings of TQM.

The paper brings out the essence of excellence and proves that deep understanding of the concept of excellence leads to a virtuous personal life which leads in good citizenship in the wider social context that result in a constantly improving and transformative academic or professional life.

The paper presents the meaning of excellence through the combination of knowledge from the ancient Hellenic philosophy, management, Hellenic language and TQM.

The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on women’s entrepreneurship in emerging economies. This is a thematic review to identify patterns and trends to better understand this literature. From the analysis, this study offers ideas for useful and theoretically informed research. In addition, this paper proposes the concept of restricted agency that helps to explain the practice.

This study identifies the nature, what is interesting, what it sees as important and considers what is neglected in this literature. The analysis sought important issues, interesting directions and the potential for useful future work. Thematic analysis is ideal for messy and unstructured material such as the literature used in this study as the data set. The process is qualitative, iterative and inductive but ontologically appropriate for the socially produced knowledge of the literature.

This paper finds the literature tends towards descriptive papers. Few papers make substantial contributions to theory. Many papers reported the barriers women to encounter, reporting general and typical processes of responding to obstacles and the implications for practice. Interestingly this study perceives overcoming and sometimes using, the cultural and physical restraints of gendered entrepreneurship. This paper proposes the concept of restricted agency explaining the gendering of entrepreneurs and explains what they can do. Moreover, the concept helps explain why and what. Most promising theoretically, is how the application of this agency is slowly and contextually differently changing the rules of the game.

This study covers a large and extensive literature, so might have missed themes.

This paper starts with the notion of the “otherness” of women’s entrepreneurship. The literature is good at explaining both how and why women’s entrepreneurship is different and in effect, marginalised. This study conceptualises this gendering process as a restricted agency. Moreover, the concept helps explain why and what. Most promising theoretically, is how the application of this agency is slowly and contextually differently changing the rules of the game. It may be the mechanism for emancipation.

This paper assesses the environment of legitimacy by determining the role of institutional quality and policy uncertainty on the performance of five major South Asian stock markets (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal) using 21 years data from 2000 to 2020. The focus of this study is to approach the issue of the environment of legitimacy that leads to sustained market returns.

Panel cointegration tests of Kao and Pedroni are applied, and the Dynamic Panel Vector Autoregressive (PVAR) model is used to determine the estimates.

ADF P-Values of both Kao and Pedroni tests show that the panels are cointegrated; the statistical significance of the results of the Kao and Pedroni panel cointegration test confirms cointegration among the variables. After determining the most appropriate lag, the analysis is done using PVAR. The results indicate that institutional quality, policy uncertainty, and GDP positively affect stock market return. Meanwhile, government actions and inflation negatively affect stock market returns. On the other hand, stock market return positively affects institutional quality, government action, policy uncertainty, and GDP. While stock market return negatively affects inflation.

The sample is taken only from a limited number of South Asian countries, and the period is also limited to 21 years.

Based on our research findings, we have identified several policy implications recommended to enhance and sustain the performance of stock markets.

This paper uses a unique analytical tool, which gives a better insight into the problem. The value of this work lies in its findings, which also have practical implications and theoretical significance.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the adoption of quality management practices in engineering educational institutions (EEIs) in India from management's perspective.

A questionnaire was developed based on a literature review of research in quality management and based on the responses of the pilot survey among the senior faculty/management. The psychometric properties of this instrument were examined using tests of reliability and validity. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to analyze the impact of the total quality management (TQM) dimensions on institutional performance (effectiveness).

Findings highlight 27 critical factors/dimensions of quality management, which analyzed the relationship between TQM dimensions and institutional performance, which has been formulated using five dimensions. Positive and significant relationships among the TQM dimensions and institutional performance have been observed.

Results of the study are dependent on the profile and number of the respondents, i.e. on the perceptions of the management.

The paper proposes a model for achieving institutional excellence from the macro perspective of the management. Two critical factors, i.e. healthy innovative practices and feeder institution partnership have been identified as key enablers in the paper. Institutional performance (effectiveness), as a holistic construct, has been measured by five measures of performance, institution reputation and image, infrastructure quality, faculty excellence, research and industry exposure and stakeholders' satisfaction. The instrument developed can be used as a self‐assessment tool in continuously measuring the overall performance of the institution's processes and systems.

The paper focuses on EEIs. It evolved a holistic framework for institutional effectiveness and formulated a comprehensive instrument with respect to management's perceptions on quality management issues. The paper also identified five critical factors to measure institutional performance and 27 dimensions of TQM in the context of EEIs.

This paper aims to present a numerical study that investigates the flow of MgO-Al₂O₃/water hybrid nanofluid inside a porous elliptical-shaped cavity, in which we aim to examine the performance of this thermal system when exposed to a magnetic field via heat transfer features and entropy generation.

The configuration consists of the hybrid nanofluid out layered by a cold ellipse while it surrounds a non-square heated obstacle; the thermal structure is under the influence of a horizontal magnetic field. This problem is implemented in COMSOL multiphysics, which solves the related equations described by the “Darcy-Forchheimer-Brinkman” model through the finite element method.

The results illustrated as streamlines, isotherms and average Nusselt number, along with the entropy production, are given as functions of: the volume fraction, and shape factor to assess the behaviour of the properties of the nanoparticles. Darcy number and porosity to designate the impact of the porous features of the enclosure, and finally the strength of the magnetic induction described as Hartmann number. The outcomes show the increased pattern of the thermal and dynamical behaviour of the hybrid nanofluid when augmenting the concentration, shape factor, porosity and Darcy number; however, it also engenders increased formations of irreversibilities in the system that were revealed to enhance with the permeability and the great properties of the nanofluid. Nevertheless, this thermal enhanced pattern is shown to degrade with strong Hartmann values, which also reduced both thermal and viscous entropies. Therefore, it is advised to minimize the magnetic influence to promote better heat exchange.

The investigation of irreversibilities in nanofluids heat transfer is an important topic of research with practical implications for the design and optimization of heat transfer systems. The study’s findings can help improve the performance and efficiency of these systems, as well as contribute to the development of sustainable energy technologies. The study also offers an intriguing approach that evaluates entropy growth in this unusual configuration with several parameters, which has the potential to transform our understanding of complicated fluid dynamics and thermodynamic processes, and at the end obtain the best thermal configuration possible.

Metal-cooled reactors generally use molten metals such as sodium, potassium or a combination of sodium and potassium because of their excellent heat transfer properties so that the reactor can operate at much lower pressures and higher temperatures. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the stability of natural convection in an inclined ring filled with molten potassium under the influence of a radial magnetism.

A numerical simulation of electrically conductive fluid natural convection stability is performed on an inclined cylindrical annulus under the influence of a radial magnetism. The upper and lower walls are adiabatic, while the internal and external cylinders are kept at even temperatures. The equations governing this fluid system are solved numerically using finite volume method. The SIMPLER algorithm is used for pressure-speed coupling in the momentum equation.

Numerical results for various effective parameters that solve the problem in the initial oscillatory state are discussed in terms of isobars, isotherms and flow lines in the annulus for a wide range of Hartmann numbers (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 80), inclination angles (0 ≤ γ ≤ 90°) and radii ratios λ ≤ 6. The dependency stability diagrams between complicated situations with the critical value of the Rayleigh number RaCr and the corresponding frequency FrCr are established on the basis of the numeric data of this investigation. The angle of inclination and the radii ratio of the annulus have a significant effect on the stabilization of the magneto-convective flux and show that the best stabilization of the natural oscillatory convection is obtained by the intensity of the strongest magnetic field, the high radii ratio and inclination of the annulus at γ = 30°.

This numerical model is selected for its various applications in technology and industry.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the influence of the inclination of the cylindrical annulus (ring), with various radii ratio, on natural oscillatory convection under a radial magnetism has never been investigated.

The paper aims to test the effect of liquidity creation on profitability and stability with the moderating role of political instability and its level of implication on the overall banking sector of Pakistan.

This study uses the panel data estimation technique, including fixed- and random-effect model, by taking sample data of 28 banks of Pakistan that are providing their services from 2006 to 2019. Moreover, this study uses the Genreralized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation technique to check the robustness of the results.

The empirical outcomes of this study found a negative relationship of liquidity creation with profitability meanwhile positive relation with banking stability. However, this study shows a negative relation of political instability with liquidity creation, profitability and stability of overall banks of Pakistan.

The findings of this paper recommended the vital role of liquidity creation in the profitability and stability of banks, especially in the decision-making process of the investors and bank managers, and how it is affected strongly in the presence of an unstable political situation. These findings may be helpful for policymakers to devise appropriate policies to maintain a fair field between state authority and financial institutions and also assist in formulating strategies to strengthen the banking sector of Pakistan to avoid financial turmoil in the future.

As per the knowledge of the authors, this study is the first contribution to examine the moderating effect of political instability on liquidity creation, profitability and stability of the overall banking sector of Pakistan.