Yanjun Zhang, Shuangfeng Wang and Zhuming Liu
The purpose of this study is to conduct research on a new kind of division microchannel heat sink (D-MCHS), which can distribute cooling water along the channel-length direction…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to conduct research on a new kind of division microchannel heat sink (D-MCHS), which can distribute cooling water along the channel-length direction. First, the pressure drops in the D-MCHS with different division region numbers were compared. Then, the cooling performance of the D-MCHS with different division region numbers was also comparatively investigated. Finally, the temperature distribution on the bottom surface of the D-MCHS was analyzed.
Design/methodology/approach
First, experiments were conducted to investigate the numerical calculation method. Then, a three-dimensional steady, single-phase, laminar flow and solid-fluid conjugate heat transfer numerical model was used to research the flow and heat transfer characteristics in microchannels.
Findings
The pressure drop in the D-MCHS could be reduced by increasing the number of divided flow regions along the channel-length direction. The bottom average temperature of the D-MCHS could be simultaneously affected by the number of divided flow regions and the water flow rate. The thermal uniformity performance of the D-MCHS could be improved by increasing the number of division flow regions. The number of low-temperature and high-temperature areas on the bottom surface of the D-MCHS is corresponding to the division flow region number.
Originality/value
The D-MCHS exhibited a positive effect on the pressure drop decrease and thermal uniformity improvement. It not only keeps the electronic module working in a secure temperature environment but also consumes less pump power for a lower pressure drop.
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Keywords
This paper seeks to discuss the genealogical sources for Chinese immigrants as well as the settlement of Chinese in the USA and the historical evolution of Chinese names, their…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper seeks to discuss the genealogical sources for Chinese immigrants as well as the settlement of Chinese in the USA and the historical evolution of Chinese names, their origins, arrangement and development. It aims to cover the origins of various classes of Chinese surnames, followed by the content description of a traditional genealogical book for jiapu.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper researches the various ways that a Chinese person can find out about their ancestry.
Findings
The paper reveals the roles of libraries, including serving the needs of patrons interested in genealogical research, preserving and interpreting information through oral and family history projects and collaborating with other libraries through interlibrary loan, document delivery, library consortia, collection management and international resource‐sharing.
Research limitations/implications
The study provides information on where and how to locate the genealogical resources for researching the genealogy of a Chinese family.
Originality/value
The paper analyzes the value of genealogical research as a documentary source for population history, life expectancy in a clan, marriages and family connections, as well as lineage organizations and inter‐lineage relations.
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In this study, it is aimed to develop cooling models for the efficient use of batteries and to show how important the busbar material is. Batteries, which are indispensable energy…
Abstract
Purpose
In this study, it is aimed to develop cooling models for the efficient use of batteries and to show how important the busbar material is. Batteries, which are indispensable energy sources of electric aircraft, automobiles and portable devices, may eventually run out. Battery life decreases over time; the most critical factor is temperature. The temperature of batteries should not exceed the safe operating temperature of 313 K and it is recommended to have a balanced temperature distribution through the battery.
Design/methodology/approach
In this study, the effect on the battery temperature caused by using different busbar materials to connect batteries together was investigated. Gold, copper and titanium were chosen as the different busbar material. The Air velocities used were 1 m/s and 2 m/s, the air inlet temperatures were 295 and 300 K and the discharge rates 1.0–1.5–2.0–2.5C were chosen for cooling the batteries.
Findings
The best busbar material was identified as copper. Because these studies are long-term studies, it is also suggested to estimate the data obtained with ANN (Artificial Neural Networks). The purpose of ANN is to enable the solution of many different complex problems by creating systems that do not require human intelligence. Four different program (BR-LM-CGP-SCG) were used to estimate the data obtained with ANN. It was found that the most reliable algorithm was BR18. The R2 size of the BR18 algorithm in the test phase was 0.999552, the CoV size was 0.007697 and the RMSE size was 0.005076.
Originality/value
When the literature is considered, the cooling part of the battery modules has been taken into consideration during the temperature observation of the battery modules, but busbar materials connecting the batteries have always been ignored. In this study, various busbar materials were used and it was noticed how the temperature of the battery model changed under the same working conditions. These studies are very time-consuming and costly studies. Therefore, an estimation of the data obtained with artificial neural networks (ANN) was also evaluated.