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The purpose of this paper is to maximize the load-carrying capacity (LCC) of a rotating ring, a numerical model optimizing both the surface and bottom shape of its surface textures is proposed.

The Reynolds equation is used to evaluate the film pressure and LCC obtained by integrating the film pressure is set as the objective function. Around the center of the computational domain, radial lines with an equal angle between adjacent ones are produced and the surface contour of textures is obtained by connecting the endpoints using a spline curve. The bottom profile is then obtained by connecting the endpoints of two vertical lines at the circumferential ends of textures. Lengths of these lines are set as design variables and genetic algorithm is used to solve optimization models.

Results show that optimum textures have an “apple-like” surface contour and a “wedge-like” bottom profile, which are both expressed by smooth spline curves. Optimum wedge-bottom textures generate higher LCC than optimum flat-bottom textures. Moreover, the optimum textures have the highest LCC compared with optimum grooves proposed previously, which validates the practical value of the current optimization model.

This work presents a comprehensive optimization method of texture geometry, which provides a new idea of the design of surface textures.

The purpose of this paper is to gain an in-depth understanding of the research progress, hotspots and future trends in the field of functional clothing.

The records of 4,153 pieces of literature related to functional clothing were retrieved from Web of Science by using a comprehensive retrieval strategy. A piece of software, CiteSpace was used as a tool to visualize the results of specific terms, such as author, institution and keyword. By analyzing the knowledge maps with several indicators, the intellectual basis and research fronts for the functional clothing domain could then be demonstrated.

The result indicated that functional clothing was a popular research field, with approximately 500 papers published worldwide in 2020. Its main research area was material science and involved public environmental and occupational health, engineering, etc. showing the characteristic of multi-interdisciplinary. Textile Research Journal and International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology were the top two journals in this field. The USA, China, Australia, England and Germany have been active and frequently cooperating with each other. Donghua University, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and NASA, with the largest number of publications, were identified as the main research drivers. According to the co-citation analysis, thermal stress, nanogenerator and electrospinning were the topics of most cited articles during the past 20 years.

The findings identified smart clothing and protective clothing to be the research frontiers in the field of functional clothing, which deserved further study in the future.

The outcomes offered an overview of the research status and future trends of the functional clothing field. It could not only provide scholars with convenience in identifying research hotspots and building potential cooperation in the follow-up research, but also assist beginners in searching core scholars and literature of great significance.

This study aims to improve the oxidation resistance of SS304 stainless steel by fabrication of Mn–Co–Ni-coated layer. Mn–Co–Ni coating with the thickness ranging from 1.76 to 8.50 micron were prepared by electroplating process on SS304 stainless steel, focusing on the plating time which play significant roles on the performance of the film thickness and crystallize size.

Mn–Co–Ni coating layer was applied on AISI 304 stainless steel using electroplating process with solution consisted of cobalt sulfate (CoSO₄), manganese sulfate (MnSO₄) and nickel sulfate (NiSO₄). Variation of Mn–Co–Ni coating, the morphology of the film and oxidation kinetics were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction analysis. Furthermore, the sample with coating layer was tested by oxidation and Cr evaporation test.

From the formation parameter due to plating time for the conversion coating, it was found that plating time plays significant roles in the performance of the coating thickness and crystallize size. The crystallize size has an inverse relation to the full width at half maximum of diffraction peak. Film thickness higher than 6.07 micron causes a decrease in oxidation resistance and an increase of Cr evaporation from SS304 stainless steel. In this study, the Mn–Co–Ni coating with a thickness lower than 3.77 micron showed coating protection of oxidation better than SS304 substrate.

The effect of coating thickness was investigated to understand the properties of the coating. Furthermore, oxidation and Cr evaporation test were applied to evaluate the oxidation resistance of the coating layer.