Janne E. Gaub, Michael White, Aili Malm, Seth Watts and Katharine Leigh Brown
Unlike protests against police brutality in the past (2014 and earlier), police officers responding to First Amendment-protected demonstrations in summer 2020 likely were wearing…
Abstract
Purpose
Unlike protests against police brutality in the past (2014 and earlier), police officers responding to First Amendment-protected demonstrations in summer 2020 likely were wearing body-worn cameras(BWCs). This study seeks to understand police perceptions of the effects of BWCs when used in the George Floyd protests.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors use survey data from 100 agencies with federally-funded BWCs to assess the prevalence of BWC deployment to George Floyd protests and perceived benefits and limitations of the technology within this unique context.
Findings
About three-quarters of agencies encountered some level of demonstration/protest related to the killing of George Floyd, and the majority of those deployed BWCs during these demonstrations. Respondents indicated evidentiary value of footage was a key reason for doing so, and at least three preconditions for a civilizing effect were present.
Originality/value
Research has documented numerous benefits associated with BWCs, from reductions in use of force and citizen complaints to evidentiary value. However, the extent to which BWC benefits extend to public protests is unclear. The George Floyd protests represent an opportunity to understand the prevalence and usefulness of BWCs in policing public protests.
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ANDREW ADAMS and SETH ARMITAGE
The mutualisation of two English third division football clubs in 2001 and the creation of a large number of supporters' trusts make it timely to consider whether there is a case…
Abstract
The mutualisation of two English third division football clubs in 2001 and the creation of a large number of supporters' trusts make it timely to consider whether there is a case for mutualisation of football clubs. This paper assesses whether mutuality would be of economic benefit for clubs, drawing heavily on the experience of mutuals in the financial sector. Our conclusions are mixed. The economic case rests on the distinctive feature of customer loyalty to a club, presuming this to be much stronger than loyalty to a financial institution. However, club members in a mutual must expect to be called upon to provide financial support.
Alexander Romney, Jake T. Harrison and Seth Benson
The aim of this study is to systematically review the scholarly literature on the self-fulfilling prophecy and identify the theoretical and methodological gaps in the literature…
Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study is to systematically review the scholarly literature on the self-fulfilling prophecy and identify the theoretical and methodological gaps in the literature as a foundation to encourage future research.
Design/methodology/approach
To develop a theoretical framework for self-fulfilling prophecy research, each empirical article published in a peer-reviewed journal from January 2001 to October 2022 was retrieved using EBSCO’s Business Source Premier database. The keywords “self-fulfilling prophecy,” “Galatea effect,” “Golem effect” and “Pygmalion effect” were used in the Abstract of articles to conduct this literature review.
Findings
The authors developed a 2 × 2 framework that distinguishes self-fulfilling prophecies based on whether they are initiated internally or externally and whether positive or negative outcomes result. The authors then introduce what we label the Eyeore effect. The resulting framework helps identify the need for more research on the golem, Galatea and Eyeore effect.
Research limitations/implications
This review is limited because the authors only reviewed peer-reviewed empirical articles in the English language.
Originality/value
This work provides a meaningful framework to synthesize the types of self-fulfilling prophecies and systematically reviews the state of the literature, as a springboard to identify and encourage fruitful areas of future research.
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Marion Hutchinson and Ferdinand A. Gul
Refers to previous research on investment opportunity sets, financing policies, board monitoring and directors’ shareholdings and the proportion of non‐executive directors (NEDs…
Abstract
Refers to previous research on investment opportunity sets, financing policies, board monitoring and directors’ shareholdings and the proportion of non‐executive directors (NEDs) on the board on the negative relationship between investment opportunities and leverage. Tests them on 1998 data from 437 top Australian companies, explains the methodology and presents the results, which suggest that the negative relationship (i.e. asset substitution or underinvestment) decreases with higher levels of executive director shareholdings or higher proportions of NEDs; and that underinvestment is greatest for firms with low management share ownership. Recognizes the limitations of the study and suggests some avenues for further research.
Giovanni Fiori, Francesca di Donato and Maria Federica Izzo
The chapter builds on the literature of Agency and Signalling Theories to analyse the corporate governance factors associated with the voluntary decision to prepare an Integrated…
Abstract
Purpose
The chapter builds on the literature of Agency and Signalling Theories to analyse the corporate governance factors associated with the voluntary decision to prepare an Integrated Report according to the <IR> International Framework promoted by the IIRC.
Methodology/approach
The chapter is based on the results of a probit regression run with regard to a sample of 35 companies that joined the Pilot Programme in 2011 and 137 similar companies that did not.
Findings
The analysis of two samples of European companies reveals that adhesion to the IR Pilot Programme is positively related to the gender diversity and size of the board.
Research limitations
Further research is required in order to study the differences between listed and non-listed companies in terms of variables affecting the adoption of the <IR> Framework and to increase the time range of our study. In addition, it would be interesting to include other variables capturing different aspects other than corporate governance, since the decision to join the Programme, as the results of our analysis have shown, may also be influenced by other factors, such as strategy decisions and communication policies.
Originality/value
The chapter adds to the existing literature by showing the main governance characteristics that impact the decision to adhere to the IR Pilot Programme. It is also important to the existing literature regarding the role played by gender diversity in corporate governance mechanisms and CSR policies.
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Sudin Bag and Deboshree Barman
Women empowerment is an aid against discrimination and exploitation. Empowerment to women helps minimize the gender gap, achieve equality and promote self-worth to make…
Abstract
Women empowerment is an aid against discrimination and exploitation. Empowerment to women helps minimize the gender gap, achieve equality and promote self-worth to make independent choices and to influence social change. It is seen that women empowerment and economic development are two sides of the same coin. According to sustainable development goals by World Development Indicator, by 2030 their aim is to empower all women and girls by achieving gender equality. Being the first teacher of a child and to ably run a household from front females are the pillars of a strong and thriving society. Educating and empowering women will usher us in a society where each member is contributing to the betterment of society; which gradually will uplift the economic condition. As stated by Mahatma Gandhi “If you educate a man you educate an individual, but if you educate a woman you educate an entire family.” Therefore, this study aims to investigate the status of women in the field of health, education, labor force participation and socioeconomic empowerment in selected South Asian countries, namely, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. Secondary data has been used which are collected from the website and data center of United Nations Development Programme and World Bank. The research focuses on the comparative study on the South Asian countries, namely Bangladesh, Nepal, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka regarding gender equality and women empowerment in the sectors like education, health, political and economic involvement and opportunity.
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Suzaida Bakar and Bany Ariffin Amin Noordin
Dynamic predictions of financial distress of the firms have received less attention in finance literature rather than static prediction, specifically in Malaysia. This study…
Abstract
Dynamic predictions of financial distress of the firms have received less attention in finance literature rather than static prediction, specifically in Malaysia. This study, therefore, investigates dynamic symptoms of the financial distress event a few years before it happened to the firms by using neural network method. Cox Proportional Hazard regression models are used to estimate the survival probabilities of Malaysian PN17 and GN3 listed firms. Forecast accuracy is evaluated using receiver operating characteristics curve. From the findings, it shown that the independent directors’ ownership has negative association with the financial distress likelihood. In addition, this study modeled a mix of corporate financial distress predictors for Malaysian firms. The combination of financial and non-financial ratios which pressure-sensitive institutional ownership, independent director ownership, and Earnings Before Interest and Taxes to Total Asset shown a negative relationship with financial distress likelihood specifically one year before the firms being listed in PN 17 and GN 3 status. However, Retained Earnings to Total Asset, Interest Coverage, and Market Value of Debt have positive relationship with firm financial distress likelihood. These research findings also contribute to the policy implications to the Securities Commission and specifically to Bursa Malaysia. Furthermore, one of the initial goals in introducing the PN17 and GN3 status is to alleviate the information asymmetry between distressed firms, the regulators, and investors. Therefore, the regulator would be able to monitor effectively distressed firms, and investors can protect from imprudent investment.
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Sabina Alkire and Yangyang Shen
Most poverty research has explored monetary poverty. This chapter presents and analyzes the global multidimensional poverty index (MPI) estimations for China. Using China Family…
Abstract
Most poverty research has explored monetary poverty. This chapter presents and analyzes the global multidimensional poverty index (MPI) estimations for China. Using China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), we find China’s global MPI was 0.035 in 2010 and decreased significantly to 0.017 in 2014. The dimensional composition of MPI suggests that nutrition, education, safe drinking water, and cooking fuel contribute most to overall non-monetary poverty in China. Such analysis is also applied to subgroups, including geographic areas (rural/urban, east/central/west, provinces), as well as social characteristics such as gender of the household heads, age, education level, marital status, household size, migration status, ethnicity, and religion. We find the level and composition of poverty differs significantly across certain subgroups. We also find high levels of mismatch between monetary and multidimensional poverty at the household level, which highlights the importance of using both complementary measures to track progress in eradicating poverty.
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Shrabana Chattopadhyay and Shambhu Prasad Chakrabarty
One-third of the world population was under COVID-19 lockdown, and school closures have affected more than 1.5 billion youngsters. Movement restrictions, loss of income…
Abstract
One-third of the world population was under COVID-19 lockdown, and school closures have affected more than 1.5 billion youngsters. Movement restrictions, loss of income, isolation, overcrowding and high levels of stress and anxiety are increasing the likelihood that children experience and observe physical, psychological and sexual violence at home. Although online platforms have become crucial to support many children’s learning experiences, it has also increased their susceptibility to cyberbullying, harmful online behaviour and sexual exploitation. However, national and international pandemic response and mitigation strategies have not given enough consideration to the need to expand violence prevention and response services. Child Rights and You, conducted a study of the most recent report from the National Crime Records Bureau and found that during the pandemic, the crimes against children have increased by 16.2%. The present study will discuss the increased amount of data that relates to the pandemic and crimes against children. The impact of the pandemic on prevention and response efforts is to be evaluated using the INSPIRE framework developed by the World Health Organisation to put a stop to violence against children. In addition, recommendations will be made for governments, policymakers and civil society organisations on how to combat violence in the context of a prolonged COVID-19 issue. Lastly, the article will emphasise the ongoing need for better data and evidence to combat the crimes against children that can be effective during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.
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The body has been one of the central tools in analysing connections between sport and postcolonialism in India, given how sport was an essential part of the colonial ‘civilising’…
Abstract
The body has been one of the central tools in analysing connections between sport and postcolonialism in India, given how sport was an essential part of the colonial ‘civilising’ mission, which involved disciplining and controlling Indian bodies. Any discursive understanding of sport and postcolonialism in India must consider how it relates to existing concepts of the body and shapes the experiences of the people involved in it – acknowledging not just the power of colonialism in moulding sporting experiences but also the force of internal hierarchies that exist in Indian society. This chapter explores the experiences of students who studied in higher educational institutions in Kerala under the ‘sports quota’, a system that reserves seats in colleges/universities for high-performing sportspersons in India. Through their interviews, the sustained exclusion of the sporting body in contemporary Indian pedagogy is illustrated here. Specifically, the continuing prevalence of the colonial emphasis on the sporting body, as one whose strength and instrumentality are paramount, as well as its corollary postcolonial position, which treats this sporting body as inferior to the ‘refined mind’ of studious pupils, can be observed. Approaching the sports quota with a decolonising lens would require re-examining the disembodied nature of pedagogy in India’s higher educational institutions, acknowledging sporting students’ lived experiences, and a seamless integration – as opposed to separation/exclusion – of the sportsperson into higher education.