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This manuscript compares active with passive learning models. It supports active learning as more appropriate for professional sales education. The conceptual support is explained and justified within the context of behavioral modeling and social learning theory. Further, interactive video, an active learning pedagogy that utilizes behavioral modeling, is described and discussed as a viable alternative for business schools seeking active learning tools for professional selling courses. Following this general discussion of interactive video, two specific interactive video systems currently being utilized in college selling classes are described and compared.

To review opportunities for use of digital printing in the printed circuit board (PCB) industry and to introduce background to ink jet printing, process development and applications in order to reduce costs, enhance efficiency and to enable PCB producers to operate in a more sustainable and flexible manner.

This paper has been written to provide a review of ink jet printing applications in the PCB industry. Ink jet print technology background, ink development and the processes made possible by ink and print head improvements have been described together with a description of the benefits available through digital printing.

It was found that there have been significant developments over recent years in both hardware technology (print heads and accurate print platforms) as well as improvements in the design of inks both for ink jet print performance and functional characteristics. These improvements have been integrated to provide an exciting new technology which can be applied in the manufacture of PCBs to reduce manufacturing costs and increase flexibility of manufacture.

The value of the paper lies in its ability to provide information on the scope of opportunities for ink jet printing in the PCB manufacturing process through the use of a range of new inks having specific properties. The design and development of highly accurate machinery provides the opportunity to attain the desired print resolution.

The transformation of Manders plc from a paints, property and printing inks company to a leading world player in printing inks began in January 1994 when it sold its decorative paints business to Johnstone's Paints plc (part of the Total group) for £52 million. It then acquired the inks and coatings business from Croda for £27 million and sold Croda its industrial coatings business. This deal included the new state‐of‐the‐art water‐based liquid ink plant in Winschoten, The Netherlands. In June 1994 this was followed by the £38 million purchase of Premier Inks in 's‐Gravenzande and Deurne, The Netherlands. The result has been to make Manders plc the fastest growing ‘ink company in the world, according to chief executive Roger Akers, and Manders Premier the European market leader in the technology, of heatset inks. Pigment & Resin Technology's technical editor, John Bean, recently visited the 's‐Gravenzande factory and R&D centre to bring back this report.

Surfex '88 is the first UK exhibition with the new Akzo Corporate Identity to operate in a more market orientated structure. Within the chemical division of Akzo a group has been formed to promote the wide range of Akzo chemicals for coatings applications. Among the products that can be discussed will be:

This paper aims to describe and evaluate the traditional methods for effective ink removal during the recycling of printed papers. Additionally, novel techniques for dealing with the newer “difficult to deink” inks such as toners from photocopiers, UV‐cured ink films and liquid toner suspensions or Electroinks^® are to be evaluated.

High intensity ultrasound was applied to pulps derived from papers printed with these newer inks in order to evaluate its effectiveness in detaching the inks from paper and establishing the resultant ink particle size distributions.

When exposed to ultrasound at a frequency of 20 kHz, it was found that “difficult to deink” pulps did exhibit significant ink detachment. In the case of toners, temperature did have an effect on particle breakdown with larger numbers of particles produced at temperatures well below the softening point which was attributed to a greater brittleness of the toner at lower temperatures. Electroinks^® can be effectively de‐inked by exposure to ultrasound coupled with washing under neutral conditions. With all the inks investigated, exposure to ultrasound resulted in the detached ink having particle size distributions that can be removed by conventional flotation and washing techniques.

The exposure of the pulp to ultrasound was only carried out using a batch‐wise process. A future development would be to use a continuous flow system incorporating an annular ultrasound horn.

Introducing ultrasound exposure into a conventional deinking plant, all post‐consumer printed waste paper could be deinked without the use of deinking chemicals.

The findings are of interest to those in paper recycling.

Synthetic polymers were first introduced to the wallpaper trade about twenty‐five years ago. Until that time natural polymers, such as casein and starch, were the only suitable binders available, and it was necessary to insolubilise them with alum or glyoxal in order to afford some degree of water resistance to the prints. The only smear‐proof washable papers were those supercoated with a film of varnish. This varnish supercoat was the first to be replaced by a synthetic polymer emulsion.

Ink transfer means for printing machine. In GB patent 2278574 David Edward McManamon describes an ink transfer means for a printing machine. It includes an application roller to receive ink from an ink rail and transfer ink to print rollers for printing. A pair of wiper rollers are provided above and below the centre of the application roller and in close proximity to the surface. The wiper rollers are driven in opposite directions so that they effectively wipe the surface of the application roller. This prevents build up of ink and the associated ink misting, irrespective of the direction of rotation of the application roller.

Controlling paint production. Paint users are placing higher demands on the manufacturer. All paint producers should now consider data acquisition — and possibly automated paint manufacturing if the volumes of certain products will justify it.