Mauricio A. Valle, Gonzalo A. Ruz and Samuel Varas
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of risk aversion (RA) on expected income and job satisfaction (JS) with pay in the case of sales agents under a compensation…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of risk aversion (RA) on expected income and job satisfaction (JS) with pay in the case of sales agents under a compensation system based on pay-for-performance.
Design/methodology/approach
Data were collected from 125 sales agents of an outbound call center via questionnaires and controlled experiments. Seemingly unrelated equations using maximum likelihood estimation was employed to estimate the proposed model and test relationships.
Findings
Findings show that income expectations (IE) respond to a model of trade-off between value and risk. The sales agents trade off their expected value of performance (i.e. expected income) with RA. Additionally, IE and actual performance of the salesperson have influence on JS with pay with opposite signs.
Research limitations/implications
The results of this research may need to be modified to consider jobs with compensation systems with a higher proportion of fixed component of the wage than the variable component. Also, a broader concept of JS and not just related to the pay, should be considered.
Practical implications
Given the importance of RA in the attitudes of employees in relation to their expectations, the authors believe that it should be necessary and useful to incorporate measures of RA in the process of selection and recruitment for these jobs.
Originality/value
This paper assessed an important element as the RA at the micro level inside of an organization. This element could be very important for job environments with high uncertainty in income that could influence JS via employee expectations.
Propósito
El propósito de esta investigación fue investigar el efecto de la aversión al riesgo sobre la remuneración esperada para agentes de ventas, bajo un sistema de compensación basado en resultados, a través de un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales.
Diseño/metodología/enfoque
Los datos fueron recolectados de 125 agentes de ventas de un Call Center de telemarketing y ventas a través de encuestas estructuradas y experimentos controlados. Se utilizó “Seemingly unrelated equations” utilizando estimación por máxima verosimilitud para estimar el modelo propuesto.
Resultados
Los resultados mostraron que las expectativas de remuneración responden a un modelo de compensación entre “valor y riesgo”. Los agentes de ventas compensan el valor de su desempeño (en términos de remuneraciones esperadas) con su aversión al riesgo. Adicionalmente, las expectativas de remuneración y el desempeño actual del agente, poseen una influencia significativa en la satisfacción con el sueldo, pero con signos opuestos.
Limitaciones de la Investigación/implicaciones
Los resultados de esta investigación debieran ser tomados con cautela, particularmente en trabajos con sistemas de compensación cuya proporción entre el componente fijo y variable del salario es alto. Además, debiera considerarse un concepto más amplio de satisfacción en el trabajo, y no sólo el de la satisfacción con el sueldo obtenido por el agente de ventas.
Implicaciones prácticas
Dada la importancia de la aversión al riesgo en las actitudes de los empleados en relación a sus expectativas, nosotros sugerimos que es posible y útil, incorporar medidas de aversión al riesgo en los procesos de selección y reclutamiento en este tipo de sistemas de compensación.
Originalidad/Valor
Este trabajo evalúa un elemento importante, tal como lo es la aversión al riesgo, a nivel individual al interior de una organización. Este elemento podría ser muy importante en ambientes de trabajo que se caracterizan por tener alta incertidumbre en las remuneraciones, lo cual puede influir en las satisfacción de los empleados, vía expectativas salariales.
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Mauricio A. Valle, Gonzalo A. Ruz and Samuel Varas
The purpose of this paper is to propose a model of voluntary employee turnover based on the theory of met expectations and self-perceived efficacy of the employee, using data from…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to propose a model of voluntary employee turnover based on the theory of met expectations and self-perceived efficacy of the employee, using data from a field survey conducted in a call center.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper formulates a model of employee turnover. First explaining the fulfillment of expectations from initial expectations of the employee (before starting work) and their experience after a period of time. Second, explaining the turnover of employees from the fulfillment of their expectations.
Findings
Some of the variability in the fulfillment of expectations can be explained by the difference between expectations and experiences in different job dimensions (e.g. income levels and job recognition). Results show that the level of fulfillment of expectations helps explain the process of employee turnover.
Research limitations/implications
This work provides evidence for the met expectation theory, where the gap between the individual’s expectations and subsequent experiences lead to abandonment behaviors in the organization.
Practical implications
The results suggest two paths of action to reduce the high turnover rates in the call center: the first, through realistic expectations setting of the employee, and the second, with a constant monitoring of the fulfillment of those expectations.
Originality/value
A statistical model of survival is used, which is appropriate for the study of the employee turnover processes, and its inherent temporal nature.
Propósito
El propószito de este trabajo es proponer un modelo de rotación voluntaria de empleados basado en la teoría de cumplimiento de expectativas y autoeficacia del empleado, utilizando datos de un estudio de campo llevado a cabo en un centro de llamados (call center).
Diseño/metodología
Este trabajo fomula un modelo de rotación de empleados. Primero, explica el cumplimiento de expectativas laborales a partir de las expectativas iniciales (antes de comenzar a trabajar), y las experiencias laborales después de un período de tiempo. Segundo, explica la rotación de empleados a partir del cumplimiento de las expectativas laborales.
Resultados
Parte de la variabilidad del cumplimiento de expectativas laborales puede ser explicado a partir de la diferencia entre expectativas y experiencias en distintas dimensiones del trabajo (por ejemplo, niveles de salario y reconocimientos laborales). Los resultados muestran que el nivel de cumplimiento de expectativas ayuda a explicar el proceso de rotación de empleados.
Limitaciones/implicaciones
Este trabajo porvee evidencia empírica de la teoría del cumplimiento de expectativas, en donde la brecha entre las expectativas individuales y las subsecuentes experiencias, conducen a comportamientos de abandono en la organización.
Implicaciones prácticas
Los resultados sugieren dos distintas vías de acción para reducir la alta rotación de empleados en los centros de llamados. La primera es a través de fijación de expectativas iniciales realistas al empleado, y la segunda, un monitoreo constante del cumplimiento de tales expectativas.
Originalidad/valor
Se utiliza un modelo estadísitico de sobrevivencia, el cual es apropiado para estudios de procesos de rotación, cuya naturaleza es inherentemente temporal.
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Edgar Muñiz-Avila, Geraldina Silveyra-Leon and Laura Alheli Segarra-Perez
It is well known that entrepreneurship is a complex phenomenon, which takes place under great uncertainty. Much of the existing research that explores the venture creation process…
Abstract
It is well known that entrepreneurship is a complex phenomenon, which takes place under great uncertainty. Much of the existing research that explores the venture creation process has assumed a linear, unitary process. The proposal presented in this chapter involves the venture creation process viewed as an iterative, non-linear, feedback-driven system called the Startup Path – a framework that brings together the entrepreneur as an individual, with its journey on the venture creation process.
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Avant‐propos sous les auspices de l'Institut international de Coopération intellectuelle, paraissait en 1934 le t. I, consacré à l'Europe, du Guide international des Archives. Le…
Abstract
Avant‐propos sous les auspices de l'Institut international de Coopération intellectuelle, paraissait en 1934 le t. I, consacré à l'Europe, du Guide international des Archives. Le questionnaire envoyé à tous les États européens comportait sous les points 4 et 6 les questions suivantes: ‘Existe‐t‐il un guide général pour les diverses catégories d'Archives ou des guides particuliers pour l'une ou l'autre d'entre elles?’ et ‘Existe‐t‐il des catalogues imprimés, des publications tant officielles que privées, susceptibles de constituer un instrument complet de référence pour tout ou partie importante des fonds d'archives?’ Les réponses des divers pays à ces questions, malgré leur caractère très inégal, ont fait du Guide international un bon instrument d'information générale sur les Archives. Malheureusement les circonstances ont empêché la publication du volume consacré aux États non européens, tandis que le temps qui s'écoulait tendait à rendre périmés les renseignements fournis sur les Archives européennes.
The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has emerged over the past 30 years to occupy a significant role in certain aspects of the organizational theory. The purpose…
Abstract
Purpose
The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has emerged over the past 30 years to occupy a significant role in certain aspects of the organizational theory. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of CSR and firm’s operational competitive performance in terms of cost, quality, flexibility and delivery, as well as the overall performance, from a developing country’s environment.
Design/methodology/approach
Structural equation modeling was used to study the relationship between CSR, competitive operational capabilities and the overall organizational performance using a survey of informants.
Findings
Using data from firms in Ghana, the work demonstrates that CSR initiative by firms will have a positive relationship with firm’s operational competitive performance in terms of cost, quality, flexibility and delivery performance, as well as overall performance. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that competitive operational capabilities in terms of cost and flexibility will lead to firms’ overall performance from the Ghanaian business environment, whereas delivery and quality seems to have no positive effect on overall performance.
Research limitations/implications
The results indicate the relevance and the implications of CSR initiatives on firms’ performance in a developing country such as Ghana. Specifically, the results indicate that when organizations invest in CSR initiatives, they are likely to achieve cost reductions, improved quality, flexibility, improved delivery and overall performance.
Practical implications
The research shows how CSR initiatives can enhance firm’s operational competitive performance and overall performance.
Originality/value
The work illustrates and provides some insights and builds on the literature in the area of CSR in a developing country’s environment.
Achmad Wildan Kurniawan, Suwandi Sumartias, Soeganda Priyatna, Karim Suryadi and Eli Sumarliah
This study seeks to comprehend if political exposure containing disapproval and different values will affect implicit knowledge sharing (KS) amongst colleagues in the…
Abstract
Purpose
This study seeks to comprehend if political exposure containing disapproval and different values will affect implicit knowledge sharing (KS) amongst colleagues in the organization. This research examines participants' responses to a colleague's social-media political exposure and their readiness to perform implicit KS to their colleague.
Design/methodology/approach
Data collection uses an online questionnaire and a vignette approach. Subsequently, data analysis for 316 finished surveys employs structural equation modelling-partial least squares (SEM-PLS).
Findings
The findings show that the perceived-value similarity of political posts of a colleague significantly and indirectly affects workers' readiness to do implicit KS. Besides, likes and trusts also significantly affect workers' readiness to perform implicit KS. While perceived-value similarity strongly shapes likes, likes significantly and positively affect trusts.
Originality/value
Sharing social-media postings associated with political exposure can hinder the implicit KS in organizations and is understudied in the field of knowledge management. Especially, unlike this study which focuses on private companies, previous studies have paid more attention to public enterprises. Besides, this paper's empirical verification is obtained from private organizations in Indonesia, which is also neglected by scholars.
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Javed Hussain, Amin Karimu, Samuel Salia and Robyn Owen
Energy and environment has gained traction within the field of entrepreneurship literature, but a comprehensive empirical study that examines the relationship between the cost of…
Abstract
Purpose
Energy and environment has gained traction within the field of entrepreneurship literature, but a comprehensive empirical study that examines the relationship between the cost of energy and small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) innovation is an omission. Therefore, this novel study aims to examine the relationship between the cost of energy and SMEs innovation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) by first examining the differential impact of the various generation sources on the price of electric energy. This research has enabled us to investigate and understand the transmission mechanism of increasing/decreasing electricity price on innovation decisions and activities of SMEs in SSA.
Design/methodology/approach
Using quantitative approach, with the data from the World Bank Enterprise and Innovation Follow-up Surveys, the study utilises a Tobit model to test whether the generation mix (renewable and non-renewable generation sources) increases or decreases electricity prices and examine the impact of the cost of electric energy on SMEs innovation in SSA.
Findings
The findings of this study shows that the cost of electricity affects negatively on SMEs innovation decision and activities of SMEs in SSA. The impact of renewables on the price of electricity has a larger magnitude relative to that of non-renewables. This finding has implications for policy makers promoting renewable energy without a policy design to tackle the unintended price effect of promoting renewable energy.
Originality/value
This is the first study to introduce cost of energy into an innovation model and to empirically examine the role of cost of energy for innovation activities of SMEs in SSA. Further, it examines the sources of generation on electricity price in SSA. The study contributes towards the empirical literature, and the findings also have implication for policy makers regarding the unintended consequences of promoting the transition to low-carbon electricity generation sources on SMEs via the cost of doing business implication.
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The essay studies the introduction and use of audio-visual media in contemporary Swedish courtroom praxis and how this affects social interaction and the constitution of judicial…
Abstract
The essay studies the introduction and use of audio-visual media in contemporary Swedish courtroom praxis and how this affects social interaction and the constitution of judicial space. The background to the study is the increasing use of video technology in law courts during the last decennium, and in particular the reformed trial code regulating court proceedings introduced in Sweden in 2008. The reform is called A Modern Trial (En modernare rättegång, Proposition 2004/05:131). An important innovation is that testimonies in lower level court proceedings now are video recorded and, in case of an appeal trial, then are screened in the appellate court. The study of social interaction and the constitution of judicial space in the essay is based in part on an ethnographic study of the Stockholm appellate court (Svea hovrätt) conducted in the fall 2010; in part on a study of the preparatory works to the legal reform; and in part on research on how media technology affects social interaction and the constitution of space and place.