The technological progress which has characterised air transport since the end of the Second World War, has resulted in more safety, higher speed and much larger aircraft capacity…
Abstract
The technological progress which has characterised air transport since the end of the Second World War, has resulted in more safety, higher speed and much larger aircraft capacity than before. This has made remote destination areas much more accessible, and the traffic frequency to various countries has increased multifold. The cost element was also affected by such qualitative change, although to a rather limited extent until other factors intervened.
While scheduled airlines calculate their load factor at 50% of the plane's seats, the tour operators usually calculate a seating density of 85–90%. The reason for this is that the…
Abstract
While scheduled airlines calculate their load factor at 50% of the plane's seats, the tour operators usually calculate a seating density of 85–90%. The reason for this is that the tour operator is almost sure of selling the seats long before the departure time because he does not launch the package before he is certain, through a market study, that there will be a good market for that type of package. He also counts, though to a limited extent, on the possibility of cancelling flights which he cannot sell.
It is a truism now to say that systematic and orderly progress and growth of any human venture necessitates organisation in the first place. Much more even so in tourism where the…
Abstract
It is a truism now to say that systematic and orderly progress and growth of any human venture necessitates organisation in the first place. Much more even so in tourism where the state's intervention in the field of tourism, once a policy decision to develop and promote tourism has been reached, would need to encompass multiple tasks, co‐ordinated efforts and policy aspects.
Pour tenter de faire une synthèse claire du travail intensif, ce rapport se divisera en trois parties:
Contrairement à ce qui a été pratiqué jusqu'à présent, les rapports ne se référeront dorénavant plus à l'année académique (semestre d'été et semestre d'hiver), mais à l'année…
Abstract
Contrairement à ce qui a été pratiqué jusqu'à présent, les rapports ne se référeront dorénavant plus à l'année académique (semestre d'été et semestre d'hiver), mais à l'année civile. Comme solution transitoire, le rapport présent couvre la période du ler avril au 31 décembre 1973.
Zahra Salah Eldin, Mohamed Elsheemy and Raghda Ali Abdelrahman
Many countries around the world are facing great challenges from their ageing population with shrinking workforce, this will put more pressure on their financial system and will…
Abstract
Purpose
Many countries around the world are facing great challenges from their ageing population with shrinking workforce, this will put more pressure on their financial system and will increase the public spending on care costs provided to older people. Egypt is in the phase of establishing a new law for older people care's rights, a law that will organise how older people in need for care would benefit from access to government financial support and how will families support their older relatives financially and how the care costs will be shared between the older people, their families and the government.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper examines the suitability two cost-sharing methods and applying them to assess the effect on the individuals and families' income strain.
Findings
The preferred approach can be used for sharing costs as it applies a gradual funding withdrawal by the government and provide more fairness and flexibility for application in different regions. Besides, the parameters of this approach can be used by policy makers to control the levels of funding.
Originality/value
The paper will be the first to discuss the intergenerational fairness from a financial perspective in Egypt to avoid forcing older people into poverty or resorting to poverty trade-off.
Details
Keywords
H. Abd El-Wahab, A.M. Hassan, A.M. Naser, O.A. Fouad, A.M. El-Din and O.A.G. Wahba
The purpose of this paper was to prepare and evaluate a nanosized mixed calcium iron oxide as a high heat-resistant pigment. Heat-resistant pigments can be defined as chemical…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper was to prepare and evaluate a nanosized mixed calcium iron oxide as a high heat-resistant pigment. Heat-resistant pigments can be defined as chemical substances that impart color to a substrate or binder and retain their color and finish at elevated temperatures. Mixed metal oxides have been widely used as pigments in coating formulations.
Design/methodology/approach
This work presents synthesis of nanosized calcium iron oxide as an inorganic pigment by using simple synthesis technique, namely, solid-state calcination method, to study its heat and corrosion resistance. The prepared pigment was characterized by using X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and inductive coupling plasma. It was incorporated into paint formulations, and the heat, corrosion and mechanical resistance of dry paint film was evaluated.
Findings
In this work, the prepared calcium iron oxide pigment showed excellent heat and corrosion resistance.
Research limitations/implications
Heat-resistant coatings are required for industrial applications, mainly for reactors, exhaust pipes, space craft, stacks and similar equipments that are permanently and occasionally exposed to elevated temperatures. It was previously quite difficult to formulate heat-resistant organic coatings because of binder deficiencies; new vehicles for such applications are now available. Thus, the development of silicon resins has markedly advanced the utility of heat-resistant paints. High-temperature pigments are inorganic chemical compounds that impart and retain their color and finish to a substrate or binder at elevated temperatures.
Practical implications
The nanosized mixed calcium iron oxide could be used as a pigment in paint formulations. It was found that it significantly enhances the heat, corrosion and mechanical resistance. It can also find numerous applications in other paint formulations for surface coating.
Originality/value
The paper shows how the pigment consisting nanosized mixed calcium iron oxide could be used in heat-resistant paint formulations for coating metal surfaces.