Ramla Sadiq, Safia Nosheen and Farah Yasser
This study's main objective is to assess remittances' effect on real exchange rate movements pre- and post-GFC.
Abstract
Purpose
This study's main objective is to assess remittances' effect on real exchange rate movements pre- and post-GFC.
Design/methodology/approach
The sample for this study includes 199 countries and independent territories for the period between 1999 and 2019. Furthermore, this period is divided into pre-GFC (inclusive) from 1999 to 2009 and post-GFC from 2010 to 2019. This paper uses a one-step GMM estimation on linear dynamic panel data.
Findings
The significant results from this study show that the exchange rate of remittances depreciates in every country, especially in low-middle-income countries. It has been found that, in high-income countries, the first lag of remittances has a significantly negative impact.
Research limitations/implications
This study examines macroeconomic variables and remittance impacts, revealing clear trends in consumption patterns and exchange rates. Families use remittances for savings and investments, depreciating exchange rates. This suggests Dutch disease in economies, especially after GFC.
Practical implications
Policy implications involve increasing exporter costs through variable taxes or retention, depreciating exchange rates and encouraging recovery from the Dutch disease. This promotes commodity trade and long-term economic benefits, while self-balancing protects against currency value depreciation.
Originality/value
This concepts originality lies in the focus on the impact of remittances on exchange rates and sectoral imbalances in various income-level countries over a significant period. The proposed policy implications aim to address the potential negative consequences of remittances on the economy, making it a valuable contribution to the existing research in this field.
Details
Keywords
Naveed Ul Haq, Ammar Aftab Raja, Safia Nosheen and Muhammad Faisal Sajjad
The purpose of this paper is to identify the major factors of client satisfaction (CS) that are critical for web development projects in freelance marketplaces. This quantitative…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to identify the major factors of client satisfaction (CS) that are critical for web development projects in freelance marketplaces. This quantitative study is done from the point of view of the web development services clients. Five major dimensions were proposed as determinants of CS from the literature review: ease of use, user interface, information, security and privacy.
Design/methodology/approach
A web-based survey methodology is used as the main data collection instrument. Statistical techniques such as confirmatory factor analysis and multiple linear regressions are used to analyze 162 responses of questionnaires.
Findings
The findings suggest that all factors do influence CS. In terms of strength, security had the highest level of impact on CS, so it is the strongest determinant among all factors. After security, ease of use and information are considered as strong determinants. So, this study concludes that the five major determinates do affect CS in web development projects from freelance marketplaces.
Research limitations/implications
This research is limited only to the top freelance marketplaces, such as Upwork, Freelancer, Fiverr, Guru, Envato Studio, etc. The sample size is relatively small and this study is focused on web development projects only. Moreover, this research is focused only on the characteristics or attributes of the projects final outcome, i.e. website.
Practical implications
This study attempts to identify the important factors that have a relation with CS, thus giving freelancers an indication of what to look for when working on any web development project posted by any client in a freelance marketplace. Understanding the determinants of CS will also help Pakistani information technology freelancers involved in web development projects and services to increase their project performance, improve their CS rate and increment client following.
Originality/value
This presents the first study on the determinants of CS in web development projects from freelance marketplaces.