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A petroleum fraction having a boiling range 200–250°C (kerosene), free from aromatic and n‐paraffin hydrocarbons was oxidised by bubbling air at 130–150°C, at normal pressure, in the presence of cobalt naphthenate as a catalyst. Optimum yield of oxynaphthenic acid was obtained after sixteen hours and thirty minutes oxidation at 140°C. Two layers were formed, the bottom product was a viscous liquid insoluble in petroleum ether and alcohols. Oxyacids, mainly hydroxy naphthenic acids, were obtained after treatment and purification of the viscous liquid.

The Indonesian Waqf Board and United Nation Development Program are developing green waqf in Indonesia. Development of green waqf in Indonesia as a response to save the earth from environmental damage and other social impacts. This paper aims to measure public perceptions about willingness to participate in making donations to the green waqf program in Indonesia.

Modifying the Theory of Reasoned Action framework, questionnaire data were collected from 311 Muslims in Indonesia. Data were analyzed using the partial least squares structural equation modeling method.

The findings show that attitude, subjective norm, product knowledge and trust influence the Muslims in Indonesia to donate to green waqf. In contrast, Islamic religiosity harms the intention to donate in green waqf but is insignificant.

This research was conducted using a quantitative approach with a limited sample of several communities, so the results cannot be generalized. Further investigation needs to be carried out by involving a more diverse sample to get better results. However, the results of this study can be used as an illustration of how Muslims behave in donating green waqf.

These results imply that to develop green waqf in Indonesia, especially in attracting waqf candidates willing to make donations, waqf institutions must carry out engineering to shape the attitude of prospective donors through various activities such as socialization and education of the green waqf program. Waqf institutions must also build public trust by involving public figures to campaign for the green waqf program. This will likely increase prospective donors’ active participation in donating their money to develop green waqf in Indonesia.

Waqf is a severe concern for the Indonesian Government, including waqf for the environment. To the bets of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first attempt to look at the behavior of the green waqf model in Indonesia. Thus, the acceleration of waqf development can be realized and is expected to impact the community significantly.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact factors towards the use of mobile banking among the asnaf for efficient zakat payments by using the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2) model with additional constructs such as religiosity, attitude and trust (initial trust model) in the Malaysian context.

The structural equation modelling is used to analyse the data collected from 470 asnaf in Selangor, Malaysia, using the survey methodology.

This study highlights factors that could influence the asnaf to adopt financial technology (fintech) in order for them to enjoy the benefit of efficient zakat distribution by the zakat institutions.

This study only investigates and contributes added value from the Malaysian context. While it may be similar to other countries that share similar demographic profiles, it might differ for countries that do not have any demographic similarities with Malaysia.

The result of this study highlights the significant factor that practitioners (zakat institutions) in Malaysia could improve fintech adoption and at the same time enhance the efficiency of zakat distribution for the asnaf.

This research is basically addressing Islamic social financing. Thus, this study has social implications to address the society's poverty eradication scheme pertaining to the efficiency of zakat institutions in Malaysia for the speedier zakat payments to the asnaf. However, other emerging issues also arise particularly in using the zakat funds by the zakat institutions. By right whatever expenditure that the institutions use from the zakat funds need to have the consent from the asnaf because of their religious and legal rights. Hence, this new gap found from the findings of this study could be further explored by other researchers in future studies especially focusing on the drive towards more efficient administration by the zakat institutions of Malaysia in particular and other zakat institutions spread over Muslim countries elsewhere.

This study found that the UTAUT2 model is rarely used and adopted in investigating technology acceptance and adoption especially when it is related to religious matters such as zakat. Indeed, the findings of this study could be acknowledged as something of original value and significance, therefore contributes to the body of knowledge in this field.

This research aims to analyses the structural model of customers’ intention towards reputable and accountable Islamic finance, explained through Meta-Analysis Structural Equation Modelling (MASEM) with the Theory of Planned Behaviour approach and extended variables.

This study used MASEM to examine the factors systematically influencing behavioural intentions within Islamic finance. By synthesising 89 existing studies, the study identified key variables and their relationships, providing a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms. A rigorous methodology involving article selection, data extraction and statistical analysis enabled the development of a robust conceptual framework.

This study underscores the significant impact of subjective norms and perceived behavioural control on the intention to adopt Islamic finance, mediated by customer attitude. Religiosity, customer awareness and knowledge influence the intention to adopt Islamic finance products, with the Islamic financial institution's reputation and customer attitude serving as mediating variables.

This research novelty examines Islamic finance accounting, reporting and financial accountability, primarily focusing on customers’ perceived intentions towards Islamic financial practices.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of technology readiness (TR) of the Muslim and non-Muslim external auditors and its effect on their data analytics competencies (DACs). Literature is insufficient in addressing the comparative analysis of these constructs among these auditing professionals.

A survey was conducted on 201 external auditors. Questionnaire was developed based on TR and DAC literature. Pilot testing was conducted on 50 respondents, who were drawn from the sample.

Non-Muslim external auditors were found to be more technology ready than Muslim external auditors. The optimum dimension of TR was significantly different between Muslim and non-Muslim external auditors. Significant mean difference was found only for personal capabilities dimension of DAC between Muslim and non-Muslim external auditors. TR had a significant effect on Muslim external auditors’ personal capabilities dimension of DAC; however, there was insignificant effect on all DAC dimensions for non-Muslim external auditors. The highest DAC score of the external auditors were only at the beginner level for technical skills and technologies and tools expertise dimensions.

Using students as proxies for external auditors could lead to concerns with generalisability. Nonetheless, these students were competent to act as proxies as they had completed a six-month internship at an accounting firm.

The findings manifested the need for Muslim external auditors to be more technology ready. External auditors need to enhance their DAC to meet digital economic needs.

This study advocated the importance for auditing professionals to acknowledge the new data analytics challenges.

The research identifies the predictors of Islamic mobile banking (IMB) smart services adoption and usage in Jordan.

Based on the Unified Theory of the Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and the Unified Theory of the Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2), an extended and modified model that encompasses perceived trust was developed. The sample comprised 358 customers from Islamic banks (IBs) in Jordan, and structural equation modelling was applied to examine data drawn from the sample.

The research framework presented 0.728% of the behavioural intention variance and 0.455% of the use behaviour. Results discovered that performance expectancy, perceived trust and hedonic motivation have significant relations with behavioural intention. The finding that effort expectancy has an insignificant effect and that social influence has a significant negative influence on behavioural intention was unexpected.

The research has successfully verified the effect of performance expectancy, perceived trust and hedonic motivation on the customer's intention to use IMB smart services. However, the research data findings are based on the cross-sectional design.

The outcomes hold implications for marketing strategy makers who are responsible for promoting IMB smart services in IBs.

This research presents a deeper insight into IMB adoption and use. The research employed UTAUT and UTAUT2 as the baseline model and incorporates perceived trust to estimate behavioural intention. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this could be the first inquiry that examines IMB smart services adoption and use in Jordan.

Service quality is an established research area in the services marketing literature and is an integral component in an Islamic economy driven by halal service sectors. Despite its importance and the rapidly changing service environment, there has yet to be a comprehensive study of service quality research across halal industries. The purpose of this study is to systematically review the existing literature on service quality in halal industries to provide a state-of-the-art understanding and identify opportunities in this research area.

Guided by the Scientific Procedures and Rationales for Systematic Literature Reviews (SPAR-4-SLR) protocol and the theories, contexts, characteristics and methods (TCCM) framework, this paper reviews 78 journal articles from the Web of Science database which features service quality as an underpinning theory in the context of halal economies.

Findings indicate that since the first study in 2010, service quality research in halal industries has concentrated on consumers in the Islamic finance sector who are served primarily by human service agents. Most studies are focused on halal industries in Muslim countries. Several papers adopt the SERVQUAL model while others develop more novel service quality scales for halal industries. Culture, technology and faith-related factors are key drivers of halal service quality. While few papers study the antecedents and moderators of service quality in halal industries, religiosity was found to be a significant variable in several papers reviewed.

The global Islamic economy will continue to be driven by halal services. This review will provide managers with an appreciation of service quality across different halal industries. Researchers can use the results of this review to guide future studies and contribute toward the development of this research area.

To the best of the author’s knowledge, this paper is the first to comprehensively map the antecedents, dimensions, outcomes and moderators of service quality across halal industries and provides managers with a strategic understanding of service quality across the halal economy. This study develops a conceptual model and concludes with a research agenda to advance halal service quality research.

Highlighting the need for a profound move towards desecularisation of Islamic scholarship, this conceptual paper aims to clarify the concept of causality from the Islamic marketing research perspective and extends a number of suggestions for improving theory building and hypothesis development in the field.

The approach taken is largely conceptual. In addition, this study collates the stated hypotheses in the articles published in this journal in the past five years and analyses the structure of causal statements to uncover key tendencies.

The review of historical and current views on causality indicates that most commentators agree that assuming the existence of the necessary connection between cause and effect is misleading. The Islamic traditions based on occasionalism and modern science agree that causal statements reflect, at best, probabilistic assumptions.

This paper offers a number of insights and recommendations for theory building and hypothesis development in Islamic marketing. By following the occasionalism perspective and the notion of Sunnah of Allah, researchers will be able to build methodologically coherent and genuine Islamic marketing knowledge.

Correctly stated and tested hypotheses can be used by public policymakers to enforce effective consumer and market policies.

This paper tackles a complex issue of causality in Islamic marketing research which has not hitherto been discussed well in the literature. This research is also a unique step towards developing pioneering avenues within the domain of Islamic marketing research methodology.

Multinational corporations (MNCs) that want to compete in markets worldwide should not underestimate the influences of religion on consumer demand. Almost one quarter of the world’s population is Muslim so it is important for MNCs to get into the Muslim mind set when operating in countries where Islam has a large influence. The purpose of this paper is to assess the extent to which consumer-based brand equity in a religious market results from the psychological and behavioural characteristics of consumers rather than from product characteristics.

A quantitative survey method was adopted, using a total sample of 551 Muslim consumers in Malaysia and Pakistan. A holistic model conceptualising three potential psychological and behavioural predictors of consumer-based halal brand equity (CBHBE) was created and then tested using structural equation modelling.

The strength of an individual’s religious identity was found to be a strong predictor of consumer halal choice behaviour and perceived self-expressive religious benefits. Consumers’ halal choice behaviour and perceived self-expressive benefits directly predict CBHBE. Moreover, consumer halal choice behaviour partially mediates the relationship between self-expressive benefits and CBHBE.

The authors conclude that firms targeting Muslim consumers can maximise CBHBE by focussing their marketing strategies on the three psychological and behavioural constructs identified in the model. For example, by using halal certification logos and providing convincing information about the halalness of their brand, businesses can facilitate Muslim consumers’ search processes in relation to their choice behaviour.

The study contributes to the existing international branding literature in two main ways. First, it introduces and defines the concept of CBHBE. Second, it identifies and empirically validates the important psychological and behavioural predictors of CBHBE.