THE UNITS of viscosity that have become established by usage are of such a diverse and unconnected nature to have become confusing and difficult to enter into otherwise rational…
Abstract
THE UNITS of viscosity that have become established by usage are of such a diverse and unconnected nature to have become confusing and difficult to enter into otherwise rational equations. The complexities could well be more confusing with the advent of ‘metrication’. An analysis of viscosity in the relevant dimensional units is therefore given in this paper with usage examples and numerical and graphical conversions.
THE INTRODUCTION of Tribology, the multidiscipline consequence of the incidence of interacting surfaces in relative motion, gave rise to the recognition of the arising…
Abstract
THE INTRODUCTION of Tribology, the multidiscipline consequence of the incidence of interacting surfaces in relative motion, gave rise to the recognition of the arising complications not so discernable under the expression Lubrication. The complexity of the subject matter enveloped by Tribology has to be appreciated to be believed and it may be the readiness to appreciate only a fraction of the whole that causes the acceptance of the nondirectional route of the activities of those engaged in the field of Tribology.
THE ARTICLE entitled “Some Notes on the Classification of Plastic Lubricants”, by Dr. Eng. Xeno Liebl, Vol. 22, No. 3, of this Journal, stirred some interesting aspects of the…
Abstract
THE ARTICLE entitled “Some Notes on the Classification of Plastic Lubricants”, by Dr. Eng. Xeno Liebl, Vol. 22, No. 3, of this Journal, stirred some interesting aspects of the lubricant range traditionally known as greases as well as posing some pointers to the routes along which appropriate discussion may be directed.
THE British Standard 4231 : 1967 “Viscosity Classification for Industrial Liquid Lubricants” together with BS 4475 : 1969 “Specification for Straight Mineral Lubricating Oils”…
Abstract
THE British Standard 4231 : 1967 “Viscosity Classification for Industrial Liquid Lubricants” together with BS 4475 : 1969 “Specification for Straight Mineral Lubricating Oils” constitute a real step forward for the lubrication world. Not only do they contribute clarity to their respective subjects, they also enable an overall classification of all lubricants and hydraulic fluids based on a common theme to be composed. BS 4231 enables the viscosities of all fluid lubricants including hydraulic media to be identified within one dimensionally rational scale. Though it is specifically for straight mineral oils, BS 4475 suggests a segregation of quality levels appropriate to other than straight oils.
Until comparatively recently, consistency, worked and unworked penetration of a grease were useful indications of its performance ability. Present day requirements of machine…
Abstract
Until comparatively recently, consistency, worked and unworked penetration of a grease were useful indications of its performance ability. Present day requirements of machine tools, and the sophisticated grease formulations available, make these indications of little real value to machine designers. As machine design advances it is increasingly important that lubricants are given attention at the drawing board stage and not left until the test runs. Lubricants must be dimensionally included in design procedures. Whilst lubricants can be so included, it is not so easy for grease, at least not so easy if using the rules still in use to identify its characteristics. This article suggests a method for identifying the important physical characteristics of grease in units more appropriate to those used in modern machine design.
THE CURRENT trend in tribological research might lead one to believe tribology is an exact science. It is not and it never will be. It is a judgement. The successful tribologist…
Abstract
THE CURRENT trend in tribological research might lead one to believe tribology is an exact science. It is not and it never will be. It is a judgement. The successful tribologist will be better able to make his (or her) decisions having given consideration to his previous experience, the calculated requirements, the performance requirement and the economics of his decision.
Aimee La France, Rosemary Batt and Eileen Appelbaum
The long-term financial stability of hospital systems represents a “grand challenge” in health care. New ownership forms, such as private equity (PE), promise to achieve better…
Abstract
The long-term financial stability of hospital systems represents a “grand challenge” in health care. New ownership forms, such as private equity (PE), promise to achieve better financial performance than nonprofit or for-profit systems. In this study, we compare two systems with many similarities, but radically different ownership structures, missions, governance, and merger and acquisition (M&A) strategies. Both were nonprofit, religious systems serving low-income communities – Montefiore Health System and Caritas Christi Health Care.
Montefiore's M&A strategy was to invest in local hospitals and create an integrated regional system, increasing revenues by adding primary doctors and community hospitals as feeders into the system and achieving efficiencies through effective resource allocation across specialized units. Slow and steady timing of acquisitions allowed for organizational learning and balancing of debt and equity. By 2019, it owned 11 hospitals with 40,000 employees and had strong positive financials and low reliance on debt.
By contrast, in 2010, PE firm Cerberus Capital bought out Caritas (renamed Steward Health Care System) and took control of the Board of Directors, who set the system's strategic direction. Cerberus used Steward as a platform for a massive debt-driven acquisition strategy. In 2016, it sold off most of its hospitals’ property for $1.25 billion, leaving hospitals saddled with long-term inflated leases; paid itself almost $500 million in dividends; and used the rest for leveraged buyouts of 27 hospitals in 9 states in 3 years. The rapid, scattershot M&A strategy was designed to create a large corporation that could be sold off in five years for financial gain – not for health care integration. Its debt load exploded, and by 2019, its financials were deeply in the red. Its Massachusetts hospitals were the worst financial performers of any system in the state. Cerberus exited Steward in 2020 in a deal that left its physicians, the new owners, holding the debt.
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L.J. Willmer, L.J. Winn and J. Scarman
June 27, 1966 Damages — Personal injuries — Future uncertainty — Brain damage — Minor epilepsy controlled by drugs — 50/ 50 chance of major epilepsy developing — Whether £8,000…
Abstract
June 27, 1966 Damages — Personal injuries — Future uncertainty — Brain damage — Minor epilepsy controlled by drugs — 50/ 50 chance of major epilepsy developing — Whether £8,000 proper sum — No prognosis until five years after accident — Suitable case for postponement of hearing — R.S.C., Ord.36, r.34; Ord.35b, r.2.
This paper explores, using information theoretic concepts, the problem of how organizations should be structured in order to minimize the loss and distortion of information…
Abstract
This paper explores, using information theoretic concepts, the problem of how organizations should be structured in order to minimize the loss and distortion of information. Account is taken of the fact that the objectives of the collectors of information may be different from those who need the information to help them make decisions. The benefits to be obtained from such innovations as liaison roles, task forces, etc., have been explained and the advantages and disadvantages of a product‐based organization over a functional‐based organization examined.
Fenton Atkinson, L.J. Karminski and Gordon Willmer
October 24, 1969 Factory — Statutory duty — Dangerous machinery — Dangerous combination of machinery and material — Danger arising from “nip” between moving work‐piece and…
Abstract
October 24, 1969 Factory — Statutory duty — Dangerous machinery — Dangerous combination of machinery and material — Danger arising from “nip” between moving work‐piece and stationary bar — Automatic cooling device — Danger arising from coolant applied by hand — Practice known to employers — Whether foreseeable — Whether duty to fence — Factories Act, 1961 (9 & 10 Eliz. II, c. 34), s. 14(1).