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Article
Publication date: 1 February 1970

Reports of a number of countries imposing a limited ban on the use of D.D.T. have appeared from time to time in the B.F.J., but in the last few months, what was a trickle seems to…

90

Abstract

Reports of a number of countries imposing a limited ban on the use of D.D.T. have appeared from time to time in the B.F.J., but in the last few months, what was a trickle seems to have become an avalanche. In Canada, for example, relatively extensive restrictions apply from January 1st, permitting D.D.T. for insect control in only 12 agricultural crops, compared with 62 previously; there is a reduction of maximum levels for most fruits to 1 ppm. Its cumulative properties in fat are recognized and the present levels of 7 ppm in fat of cattle, sheep and pigs are to remain, but no trace is permitted in milk, butter, cheese, eggs, ice cream, other dairy products, nor potatoes. A U.S. Commission has advised that D.D.T. should be gradually phased out and completely banned in two years' time, followed by the Report of the Advisory Committee on Pesticides and Other Toxic Chemicals recommending withdrawal in Britain of some of the present uses of D.D.T. (also aldrin and dieldrin) on farm crops when an alternative becomes available. Further recommendations include an end to D.D.T. in paints, lacquers, oil‐based sprays and in dry cleaning; and the banning of small retail packs of D.D.T. and dieldrin for home use in connection with moth‐proofing or other insect control. The Report states that “domestic users are often unaware that using such packs involve the risk of contaminating prepared food immediately before it is eaten”.

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British Food Journal, vol. 72 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0007-070X

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Article
Publication date: 1 August 1996

D.M. Jacobson and S.P.S Sangha

The comparatively new process of diffusion soldering combines themerits of Soldering and diffusion bonding. It is tolerant to surfaces that are not perfectly flat while, at…

2292

Abstract

The comparatively new process of diffusion soldering combines the merits of Soldering and diffusion bonding. It is tolerant to surfaces that are not perfectly flat while, at flat while, at the same time, it is capable of producing large‐area joints that are void free, a normal failing of conventional soldering. Diffusion soldering processes have been successfully developed, based copper, silver and gold. The metallurgical principles behind the design of these processes are explained and prospective applications of each of the diffusion soldering systems are described. These range from the attachment of heat‐sinks to silicon power devices, to jewellery and the fabrication of semiconductor packaging.

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Soldering & Surface Mount Technology, vol. 8 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0954-0911

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Article
Publication date: 1 December 1998

David M. Jacobson and Satti P.S. Sangha

The set of properties required for microwave packaging materials intended for aerospace applications is discussed in relation to the current range of materials that are…

897

Abstract

The set of properties required for microwave packaging materials intended for aerospace applications is discussed in relation to the current range of materials that are commercially available. Initiatives are being taken to replace kovar, the established packaging material, with substitutes which are lighter, stiffer and offer superior heat‐sinking. Promising in this regard are new family of beryllium‐beryllia and also silicon‐aluminium (Si‐Al) alloys high in silicon, with ratios of constituents chosen such that they optimally complement gallium arsenide MMIC devices and alumina circuit boards. Both types of material are relatively easy to machine and electroplate. Demonstrator microwave amplifier modules incorporating the Si‐Al alloys have been designed for space applications and have been successfully produced and tested. The manufacturing technology that has been developed for this purpose is described.

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Microelectronics International, vol. 15 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1356-5362

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Article
Publication date: 30 August 2019

Alireza Abbasi Moshaii, Majid Mohammadi Moghaddam and Vahid Dehghan Niestanak

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new design for a finger and wrist rehabilitation robot. Furthermore, a fuzzy sliding mode controller has been designed to control the…

315

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new design for a finger and wrist rehabilitation robot. Furthermore, a fuzzy sliding mode controller has been designed to control the system.

Design/methodology/approach

Following an introduction regarding the hand rehabilitation, this paper discusses the conceptual and detailed design of a novel wrist and finger rehabilitation robot. The robot provides the possibility of rehabilitating each phalanx individually which is very important in the finger rehabilitation process. Moreover, due to the model uncertainties, disturbances and chattering in the system, a fuzzy sliding mode controller design method is proposed for the robot.

Findings

With the novel design for moving the DOFs of the system, the rehabilitation for the wrist and all phalanges of fingers is done with only two actuators which are combined in one device. These features make the system a good choice for home rehabilitation. To control the robot, a fuzzy sliding mode controller has been designed for the system. The fuzzy controller does not affect the coefficient of the sliding mode controller and uses the overall error of the system to make a control signal. Thus, the dependence of the controller to the model decreases and the system is more robust. The stability of the system is proved by the Lyapunov theorem.

Originality/value

The paper provides a novel design of a hand rehabilitation robot and a controller which is used to compensate the effects of the uncertain parameters and chattering phenomenon.

Details

Industrial Robot: the international journal of robotics research and application, vol. 46 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0143-991X

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Article
Publication date: 1 April 2002

C. Bocking, D.M. Jacobson and A.E.W. Rennie

High silicon Si–Al alloys (50–70 wt% Si) have been developed by Osprey Metals Ltd for use in electronic packaging. They have the advantages of a coefficient of thermal expansion…

512

Abstract

High silicon Si–Al alloys (50–70 wt% Si) have been developed by Osprey Metals Ltd for use in electronic packaging. They have the advantages of a coefficient of thermal expansion that can be tailored to match ceramics and electronic materials (6–11 ppm/K), low density (<2.8 g/cm3) high thermal conductivity (>100 W/m K). These alloys are also environmentally friendly and are easy to recycle.These Osprey alloys can be fabricated readily into electronic packages by conventional machining with tungsten‐carbide or polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tools and electro‐discharge machining (EDM). Generally more than one of these conventional machining operations is required in the fabrication process. A new and much faster method has been developed which has been used to produce complete electronic packages from plates of Si–Al alloys in a single machining step. In this novel method, known as thin‐shell electroforming (TSE), an accurate model of the package is produced directly from the drawing in wax using a 3D Systems ThermoJet Modeller. This model is mounted into a frame and it is then plated with a thin copper electroform. The wax model is then melted leaving the electroform attached to the frame. This is backfilled with solder and used as the EDM tool for machining the package from a plate of Si–Al alloy.

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Microelectronics International, vol. 19 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1356-5362

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Article
Publication date: 1 September 2001

N. Bianchi, A. Canova, G. Gruosso, M. Repetto and F. Tonel

The optimisation of a tubular linear motor with interior permanent magnets is described. For a rapid design the whole process is divided in three parts: an analytical approach for…

669

Abstract

The optimisation of a tubular linear motor with interior permanent magnets is described. For a rapid design the whole process is divided in three parts: an analytical approach for the a preliminary investigation, a parametric analysis by means of a finite element method and an optimisation. The obtained results show that the adopted optimisation process is efficient for rapid and effective optimisation of the tubular linear motor.

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COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering, vol. 20 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0332-1649

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Book part
Publication date: 8 November 2003

Ingrid Jordt

In Burma, sacred giving (dana) is a principal obligation for all Buddhist practitioners. This paper evaluates the practical and cultural underpinnings of donation practices. Dana…

Abstract

In Burma, sacred giving (dana) is a principal obligation for all Buddhist practitioners. This paper evaluates the practical and cultural underpinnings of donation practices. Dana redistributes resources, it operates as a system for the production of status distinctions and patron-client ties, and as a means to fulfilling proximate soteriological goals and sacred relations. Elaborating on distinctions Godelier draws between “ideology” and “mentalite,” I argue that sacred giving – especially as it is articulated in native theories about intention – participate in a “politics of sincerity” that impact the political legitimacy projects of the military junta.

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Anthropological Perspectives on Economic Development and Integration
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-0-76231-071-5

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Article
Publication date: 19 May 2023

Witchayanee Ocha

The article aims to present a new aspect of “the emergent identities” in Thailand with a correlation between morality and religiosity. The research deals with the perception of 65…

970

Abstract

Purpose

The article aims to present a new aspect of “the emergent identities” in Thailand with a correlation between morality and religiosity. The research deals with the perception of 65 Thai male-to-female transgender sex workers who are currently working in sex tourism in Pattaya and Bangkok. This article explores the role religion plays, the linkages between sexualities, and the potential for Thai Theravada Buddhist individuals to understand the way that they cope with life and interpret its meaning among these sexual minorities. Finally, the article shows how Thai marginalized Theravada Buddhists are negotiating their gendered religious spaces in Thailand.

Design/methodology/approach

The study investigates perceptions of religion and its role in the lives of Thai Buddhist male-to-female transgender sex workers. Almost all the qualitative data was collected sequentially through (1) focus group discussions, (2) small group discussions, and (3) in-depth interviews. All interview sessions took place over six months in 2019. The researcher is a native Thai speaker and conducted the interviews in Thai with selected sex workers over 20 years old who have at least one year of experience engaging in sex work.

Findings

The research found three principal characteristics of “lived religion” in which emergent identities negotiate sexuality and morality: (1) Buddhist dequeering (the way Buddhism operates conservatively to reinforce heteronormativity), (2) queering Buddhism amidst multiple oppressions (how Buddhism operates to complement queer identity and empowerment), and (3) queering Buddhism as enlightenment (Buddhism with an emphasis on “practice” and “spiritual development”). The paper discusses how institutional Buddhism creates and recreates gendered identities in complex ways.

Research limitations/implications

The article shows how Thai marginalized Theravada-Buddhism are negotiating their gendered religious spaces and “buy” the right to sexual and anatomy within their families and society by providing financial support, engaging in religion practices, donating in social charity projects base on their faith and capacity.

Practical implications

The paper is supporting human right movements and dignity for sexual minorities gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender questioning, intersex (LGBTQI+) in Thailand. The paper also promotes equality to all human beings and shows a struggle for the basic human rights of sexual minorities in religion. The paper is raising awareness to religion's rights for all to look beyond distinctions of gender and class which may help to shape future history.

Social implications

This article examines how Thai transgender sex workers utilize the non-essentialist philosophy of Theravada Buddhism. The paper finds that respondents are negotiating their religious spaces through the linkages among their gender, body, embodiment, identities, and sexualities. Despite most respondents believe that being born “a kathoey” as a result of bad karma, they use the Buddhist teachings of karma to explain their identities and even to lead a meaningful life to gain more merits for a better rebirth.

Originality/value

Thailand still lacks research on queer spiritualities and Buddhism. The article has seen challenges to the human rights of sexual minorities in religion. The solution is to increase awareness of the concepts of sex, gender, and sexualities and broaden the understanding of “endless performativity” and “gender diversification” (Butler, 1990) for gender sensitivity and gender responsiveness in creating “social equality” for all member societies in public campaigns, and media launched by the state and NGOs.

Details

Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, vol. 42 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2040-7149

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Article
Publication date: 1 January 2006

Xiaodong Shi, Yvonnick Le Menach, Jean‐Pierre Ducreux and Francis Piriou

To compare slip surface and moving band techniques for modelling movement in 3D with FEM.

340

Abstract

Purpose

To compare slip surface and moving band techniques for modelling movement in 3D with FEM.

Design/methodology/approach

The slip surface and moving band techniques are used to model the rotation of electrical machines in 3D with FEM. The proposed techniques are applied to a permanent magnet synchronous machine. The comparison is carried out at no‐load for the electromotive force (EMF) and the cogging torque. The torque is also compared for the short circuit case.

Findings

For both the locked‐step and moving band approaches there is no difficulty in establishing the scalar potential and potential vector formulations. However, if step displacement is not equal to the mesh step, the results can show numerical irregularities. Some improvements have been proposed in order to limit this problem.

Originality/value

The results of the EMF and the cogging torque are improved.

Details

COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering, vol. 25 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0332-1649

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Article
Publication date: 20 April 2022

Vishrut Shah, Manish Pamwar, Balbir Sangha and Il Yong Kim

The purpose of this paper is to propose an effective and efficient numerical method that can consider natural frequency in multi-material topology optimization (MMTO) and which is…

457

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose an effective and efficient numerical method that can consider natural frequency in multi-material topology optimization (MMTO) and which is scalable for complex three-dimensional (3D) problems.

Design/methodology/approach

The optimization algorithm is developed by combining custom FORTRAN code for MMTO with the open-source software Mystran, which is used as a finite element analysis (FEA) solver. The proposed algorithm allows the designer to shift the fundamental frequency of the design beyond a defined frequency spectrum from the initial designing phase. The methodology is formulated in a smooth and differentiable manner, with the sensitivity expressions, required by gradient-based optimization solvers, presented.

Findings

Natural frequency constraint has been successfully implemented into MMTO. The use of open-source software Mystran as an FEA solver in the algorithm provides ability to solve complex problems. Mystran offers powerful built-in functions for eigenvalue extraction using methods like Givens, modified Givens, inverse power and the Lanczos method, which provide the ability to solve complex models. The algorithm is successfully able to solve both two- and three-material MMTO jobs for two-dimensional and 3D geometries.

Originality/value

Natural frequency constraint consideration into topology optimization is very challenging due to three common issues: localized eigenmodes, mode switching and high computational cost. The proposed algorithm addresses these inherent issues, implements natural frequency constraint to MMTO and solves for complex models, which is hardly possible using conventional methods.

Details

Engineering Computations, vol. 39 no. 7
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0264-4401

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