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Article
Publication date: 1 October 1999

Seng‐Neon Gan and Kim‐Teck Teo

Reports the effects of composition and curing temperature on the film properties of three water reducible enamels prepared from palm stearin alkyds. The properties studied were…

532

Abstract

Reports the effects of composition and curing temperature on the film properties of three water reducible enamels prepared from palm stearin alkyds. The properties studied were hardness, flexibility, and adhesion. While all the formulations exhibit excellent adhesion, generally increasing the melamine content and curing temperature can increase the hardness but reduce the resistance to cracking and deformation of the coating. Applies Fourier transform infra‐red spectroscopy (FTIR) to the study of the curing reactions. Finds that FTIR is able to identify the predominant cross‐linking reactions.

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Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 28 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 16 March 2012

S. Ataei, R. Yahya and S.N. Gan

The purpose of this paper is to develop hybrid copolymers through the copolymerisation of a novel low molecular weight oleic acid‐based macromer with methyl methacrylate (MMA)…

281

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop hybrid copolymers through the copolymerisation of a novel low molecular weight oleic acid‐based macromer with methyl methacrylate (MMA), with the aim of combining the good properties of alkyd and acrylic binders.

Design/methodology/approach

The macromer was synthesised from phthalic anhydride, oleic acid and glycerol. It was copolymerised with MMA using a free radical initiator. The ratio of the macromer and MMA was varied and the glass transition temperature, molecular weight, thermal stability, and film properties of the copolymers were characterised.

Findings

Under similar conditions of temperature and reaction time, the lower macromer to MMA ratio has led to faster polymerisation rate, higher molecular weight and higher Tg of the copolymer. Generally, all the coatings showed excellent adhesion properties, while the coatings with the higher content of MMA exhibited better alkali and water resistance.

Research limitations/implications

The macromer used in the present context was synthesised from oleic acid and glycerol supplied by a local palm oil oleochemicals manufacturer. Presumably the same raw materials from other vegetable oils could also be used. In addition, the macromer structure could be changed by varying the formulation so that it would have different molecular weight and functionality.

Practical implications

The method has managed to combine the properties of alkyd and acrylic, resulting in coatings that exhibit good mechanical and chemical properties, fast physical drying as well as excellent adhesion.

Originality/value

Oleic acid and glycerol are palm oil derivatives which are from natural resources and are sustainable raw materials. Although the macromer by itself cannot air‐dry due low iodine value, this could be overcome through copolymerisation with methyl methacrylate to find numerous applications in surface coating.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 41 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 7 September 2012

Desmond Teck Chye Ang and Seng Neon Gan

The purpose of this paper is to develop palm oil‐based alkyds as ultraviolet (UV) curable coatings and investigate the parameters that affect the coating performances.

329

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop palm oil‐based alkyds as ultraviolet (UV) curable coatings and investigate the parameters that affect the coating performances.

Design/methodology/approach

Alkyds were formulated from palm stearin, glycerol, phthalic anhydride and maleic acid. Keeping the total molar amount of dicarboxylic acids constant, the proportions of maleic acid and phthalic anhydride were varied in order to produce polymer chains with different content of unsaturation, which is crucial for UV curability. Characterisations were carried out by FTIR and 1HNMR. The alkyds were then mixed with methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer as active diluents and cured by exposure to UV light. Performances of the cured coatings were tested in terms of film hardness, adhesion, water and alkali resistance, and thermal stability.

Findings

Upon introducing sufficient C=C, the alkyd in combination with MMA is able to UV‐cure within short time and produce film of satisfactory quality. There are several other factors, which influence the coating properties; these include thickness of coating, ratio of alkyd to active diluents, and duration of UV exposure.

Social implications

The product is a form of green technology that could benefit the environment as it involves very low or near zero emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC).

Originality/value

The novelty of this work lies in the formulation of new products from palm stearin, leading to new developments in the surface coating and palm oil industries.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 41 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 3 February 2021

Abbas Ahmad Adamu, Norazilawati Muhamad Sarih and Seng Neon Gan

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) waste from soft drink bottles was incorporated into palm olein alkyd to produce new polyol for use in polyurethane resins as surface protection…

215

Abstract

Purpose

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) waste from soft drink bottles was incorporated into palm olein alkyd to produce new polyol for use in polyurethane resins as surface protection on metal surfaces.

Design/methodology/approach

Alkyd was prepared from palm olein, glycerol and phthalic anhydride. PET underwent simultaneous glycolysis and transesterification reactions with the alkyd. Varying the amount of PET has led to polyols with different viscosities. Polyurethane resins were produced by reacting the polyols with toluene diisocyanate. The resins were coated on mild steel panels and cured. Performances of the cured films were tested.

Findings

The polyurethanes (PU) resin cured to a harder film with better thermal stability. Films showed excellent adhesion properties, while higher content of PET exhibited higher pencil hardness, better water, salt, acid and alkali resistance.

Research limitations/implications

Other vegetable oils could also be used. The alkyd structure could be changed by formulation to have different functionality and the ability to incorporate higher amount of PET waste. Rate of glycolysis of PET could be increased by higher amount of ethylene glycol.

Practical implications

This method has managed to use waste PET in producing new polyol and PU resins. The cured films exhibit good mechanical and chemical properties, as well as excellent adhesion and thermal stability.

Social implications

The non-biodegradable PET has created environmental pollution problems connected to littering and illegal landfilling. It has become necessary to pay greater attention to recycling PET bottles for obtaining valuable products.

Originality/value

This approach is different from the earlier reports, where PET was recycled to recover the raw materials.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 51 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 5 June 2017

Issa Mousaa and Hamdi Radi

In the present work, under severe conditions of an inert atmosphere and high temperature, epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) with 25 per cent epoxidation level reacts with different…

178

Abstract

Purpose

In the present work, under severe conditions of an inert atmosphere and high temperature, epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) with 25 per cent epoxidation level reacts with different aliphatic amine compounds such as ethyl amine (EA), propyl amine (PA) and butyl amine (BA) to prepare ENR/EA, ENR/PA, ENR/BA compounds as, respectively. The produced compounds were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and oxirane oxygen content determination. Different concentrations of the produced compounds were added to epoxy and urethane acrylate coating formulations to evaluate them as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel under UV irradiation. Corrosion resistance tests and weight loss measurements of the coated steel panels were made. It was found that coating formulations containing the prepared ENR/EA compound could protect metal surface from corrosion, and corrosion inhibitors efficiency of the prepared compounds were arranged as follows: ENR/EA > ENR/PA > ENR/BA. The optimum concentrations for all inhibitors which give the best inhibition efficiency for corrosion are 0.4-0.6 phr.

Design/methodology/approach

Corrosion scratch tests were carried out according to ASTM D 1,654-92 (2000). The weight loss of coated steel was measured according to ASTM D 2,688-94 (1999). The measurement of film hardness was carried out with a Wolff–Wilborn pencil hardness tester according to ASTM D 3,363 (2000).

Findings

It was found that coating formulations containing the prepared ENR/EA compound could protect metal surface from corrosion and corrosion inhibitors efficiency of the prepared compounds were arranged as follows: ENR/EA > ENR/PA > ENR/BA. The optimum concentrations for all inhibitors are 0.4-0.6 g/100g coating.

Originality/value

A highly efficient and economically corrosion inhibitors for mild steel were prepared from ENR and series of aliphatic amines.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 64 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

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Article
Publication date: 19 May 2022

H. Abd El-Wahab and Raafat A. El-Eisawy

This paper aims to prepare new modified alkyd resins and use it as an antimicrobial binder for surface coating applications.

138

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to prepare new modified alkyd resins and use it as an antimicrobial binder for surface coating applications.

Design/methodology/approach

Various modified alkyd resins were prepared by partial replacement of 3,6-dichloro benzo[b]thiophene-2-carbonyl bis-(2-hydroxy ethyl)-amide as a source of polyol with glycerol and confirmed by acid value, FT-IR, 1H-NMR. The modified alkyd resins were covering a wide range of oil lengths and hydroxyl content (0%, 10%, 20% and 30% excess-OH). The antimicrobial activity of the prepared alkyds was also investigated. The coatings of 60 ± 5 µm thickness were applied to the surface of glass panels and mild steel strips by means of a brush. Physico-mechanical tests, chemical resistance and antimicrobial activities were investigated.

Findings

The obtained results illustrate that the introduction of benzo[b]thiophene derivative as a modifier polyol within the resin structure improved the film performance and enhanced the physico-mechanical characteristics, chemical resistance and the antimicrobial activities.

Practical implications

The modified alkyd resins can be employed as antimicrobial binders in paint compositions for a variety of surfaces, particularly those that are susceptible to a high number of bacteria.

Originality/value

Modified alkyd resins based on antimicrobial heterocyclic compounds have the potential to be promising in the manufacturing of antimicrobial coatings and development of paints, allowing them to function to prevent the spread of microbial infection, which is exactly what the world requires at this time. Also, they can be applied in different substrates for industrial applications.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 52 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 16 March 2012

A. Bal, I. Acar, G. Güçlü and T.B. İyim

In this study, organo clay modified alkyd resins were synthesised and these modified alkyd resins were cured with different ratios of phenol formaldehyde resin. The purpose of…

277

Abstract

Purpose

In this study, organo clay modified alkyd resins were synthesised and these modified alkyd resins were cured with different ratios of phenol formaldehyde resin. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the physical and chemical properties of the films and thermal behaviours of the resins.

Design/methodology/approach

Alkyds formulated to have an oil content of 40 percent were prepared with phthalic anhydride (PA), glycerine (G), coconut oil fatty acid (COFA), dipropylene glycol (DPG) and organo clay. “K alkyd constant system” was used for the formulation calculations of the alkyd resins. Alkyd resins were blended with 30 percent of a phenol–formaldehyde. The films of the alkyd–phenol formaldehyde (A‐PF) resins were prepared from 60 percent solid content xylene solutions by using 50 μm applicators. After the films were cured at 150°C for 2 h in an oven, properties of the films were determined.

Findings

The effect of organo clay addition on the film properties such as drying degree, hardness, adhesion strength, impact resistance, water, acid, alkaline, solvent resistance and thermal behaviours of the resins were investigated. The addition of organo clay has a positive effect on the physical and chemical film properties for phenol formaldehyde resin.

Originality/value

The paper reports on a study in which organo clay modified A‐PF resins for manufacturing of industrial baking enamels were synthesised for the first time.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 41 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 20 January 2020

Almasdi Syahza and Brilliant Asmit

This paper aims to present the development of palm oil sector and future challenge in Riau Province Indonesia, which includes sustainable plantation development.

774

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to present the development of palm oil sector and future challenge in Riau Province Indonesia, which includes sustainable plantation development.

Design/methodology/approach

This research was conducted through a survey with developmental research method. The research location is in the Province of Riau, which is the potential development of oil palm plantation. The land areas of Riau are Kampar, Rokan Hulu and Kuantan Singingi, while the coastal areas are Pelalawan, Siak, Bengkalis, Indragiri Hilir, Indragiri Hulu and Rokan Hilir. The socio-economic and environmental aspects of sustainability level of palm oil plantations were analyzed using a multi-dimensional scaling approach that was modified into a Rap-Insus-Pom.

Findings

Development of palmoil plantations results in land conversion, posing potential erosio. In anticipating environmental damage, the Government of Indonesia imposes the Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) policy. The results of ISPO policy show that Indonesian crude palm oil products are environmentally friendly.

Originality/value

This research is one of few studies that investigate the development of palm oil sector and future challenge in Riau Province, Indonesia. Riau Province still needs 13 units of palm oil mills with capacity of 60 tons per hour. Find strategies to regulate palm oil farming institutions and derivative products to enhance growth and economic development in the region and find production centers and development areas for palm oil local industries in potential regions.

Details

Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, vol. 11 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2053-4620

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Article
Publication date: 13 December 2022

Joseph Myoka James and Ismail W. R. Taifa

This research aimed at lowering the non-volatile matter (NVM) of long oil alkyd (LOA) resin to meet the resin requirements in producing Hi-gloss paints. The research also aimed to…

125

Abstract

Purpose

This research aimed at lowering the non-volatile matter (NVM) of long oil alkyd (LOA) resin to meet the resin requirements in producing Hi-gloss paints. The research also aimed to assist Hi-gloss paint manufacturers who require solid resin content below 70%.

Design/methodology/approach

The research utilised both the document review and experimental methods. The experimental method, which involved the blending process, was used in lowering the NVM of LOA resin, whereby eight experiments were conducted as reputations to obtain accurate data and results. A factorial design was used in the design of the experiment (DOE), where three factors were required to be evaluated: specific gravity, viscosity and NVM and two levels were required: weight of LOA and white spirit.

Findings

The NVM of LOA resin was successfully lowered, and different shades of paint were produced for reliability testing. The quality parameters of Hi-gloss paints that used the modified LOA were all found within the company's specifications compared to those with unmodified LOA, where some parameters were either above or below the specifications. However, all samples with the NVM of LOA used below 50% were found to be poor in terms of quality during the reliability testing. So, if the company had used the modified LOA resin in the production of Hi-gloss paints, it would have potentially saved 18,925.2 kg and 9,446.4 kg, respectively, of LOA just in producing Hi-gloss black and white paints only. Moreover, the cost of 1 kg of LOA is $2.3, which is equal to Tanzanian Shillings (Tshs) 5,290. The company would have potentially saved Tshs 100.114 million Tshs and Tshs 49.97 million Tshs in producing Hi-gloss black and white paints, respectively, making a total of Tshs 150.08 million per year. This was counted as a loss during that year because they did not use LOA resin with 50% NVM in production.

Research limitations/implications

This study focused on LOA resin used in producing Hi-gloss paints. The study also did not consider other categories of alkyd resins used in producing paints and varnishes e.g. epoxy resin and short and medium oil alkyd resins.

Originality/value

This is probably the first alkyd resin improvement study conducted using white spirit as Tanzania's main agent or material. The study utilised vegetable oils such as coconut, sunflower and tobacco seeds.

Details

International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, vol. 40 no. 7
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0265-671X

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Article
Publication date: 1 June 1999

George K. Chacko

Gives an in depth view of the strategies pursued by the world’s leading chief executive officers in an attempt to provide guidance to new chief executives of today. Considers the…

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Abstract

Gives an in depth view of the strategies pursued by the world’s leading chief executive officers in an attempt to provide guidance to new chief executives of today. Considers the marketing strategies employed, together with the organizational structures used and looks at the universal concepts that can be applied to any product. Uses anecdotal evidence to formulate a number of theories which can be used to compare your company with the best in the world. Presents initial survival strategies and then looks at ways companies can broaden their boundaries through manipulation and choice. Covers a huge variety of case studies and examples together with a substantial question and answer section.

Details

Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, vol. 11 no. 2/3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1355-5855

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