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The purpose of this paper was to find a successful treatment modality for patients suffering from temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis who could not be treated through traditional surgeries.

This work integrated the unique capabilities of the imaging technique, the rapid prototyping (RP) technology and the advanced manufacturing technique to develop the customised TMJ implant. The patient specific TMJ implant was fabricated using the computed tomography scanned data and the fused deposition modeling of RP for the TMJ surgery.

This approach showed good results in fabrication of the TMJ implant. Postoperatively, the patient experienced normalcy in the jaw movements.

Advanced technologies helped to fabricate the customised TMJ implant. The advantage of this approach is that the physical RP model assisted in designing the final metallic implant. It also helped in the surgical planning and the rehearsals.

This case report illustrates the benefits of imaging/computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing/RP to develop the customised implant and serve those patients who could not be treated in the traditional way.

The purpose of this paper is to design and analyze four proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) prosthesis thorough finite element analysis (FEA) and fabricate them using rapid prototyping (RP) technique. Arthritis of the finger joints is an important pathology of the hand. Major complaints in arthritis are stiffness, deformity and severe pain. The pain is due to the inflammatory process that occurs due to pathology, which involves joint degeneration, synovial swelling and ligament and muscle stiffness. Among the surgical treatment of arthritis is Arthroplasty which involves replacing the diseased joint with an artificial joint.

In this paper, four proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) prostheses are designed, analyzed using FEA and fabricated using rapid prototyping technique. Four different prostheses “BM”, “IMP”, “IMP2” and “FINS” are designed using CATIA software and tested by normal daily functions such as grasp, key pinch and tip pinch tests using FEA to analyze the results based on their stress and deformation. Finally, the prostheses are fabricated using electron beam melting technology.

This paper examined and analyzed the relative motion of PIP designs using FEA by applying varying loads to check the stability and range of motion of the PIP implant. The ANSYS summary results were analyzed depending on the minimal results of equivalent stress and deformation from the taken tests that have happened on the designed prosthesis. The results conclude that, in the grasp test, the minimal equivalent stress and deformation have happened on the “BM” and “IMP2” implants. Furthermore, in the key pinch test, minimal equivalent stress and deformation occurred on the “FINS” implant, and finally, in the tip pinch, minimal equivalent stress occurred on the “FINS” and minimal deformation has happened on the “IMP2” implant.

These results conclude that both “IMP2” and “FINS” share the minimum results in the taken tests, and this shows that these implants may be further studied brainstormed upon to aid innovation of a better implant design that shares both of these implants’ features and shape. Nevertheless, testing in an in vivo or in vitro model to prove more of the effectiveness of these implants should be taken into consideration, and to test how the prostheses will function in an actual environment, a simulated hand can be designed and made to discover the true forces and mechanics of the fingers and the hands with the prosthesis that is implanted, as well as to know if the hand works properly.

This paper examined and analyzed the relative motion of PIP designs using FEA by applying varying loads to check the stability and range of motion of the PIP implant.

Fabrication of customized products in low volume through conventional manufacturing incurs a high cost, longer processing time and huge material waste. Hence, the concept of additive manufacturing (AM) comes into existence and fused deposition modelling (FDM), is at the forefront of researches related to polymer-based additive manufacturing. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the research works carried on the applications of FDM.

In the present paper, an extensive review has been performed related to major application areas (such as a sensor, shielding, scaffolding, drug delivery devices, microfluidic devices, rapid tooling, four-dimensional printing, automotive and aerospace, prosthetics and orthosis, fashion and architecture) where FDM has been tested. Finally, a roadmap for future research work in the FDM application has been discussed. As an example for future research scope, a case study on the usage of FDM printed ABS-carbon black composite for solvent sensing is demonstrated.

The printability of composite filament through FDM enhanced its application range. Sensors developed using FDM incurs a low cost and produces a result comparable to those conventional techniques. EMI shielding manufactured by FDM is light and non-oxidative. Biodegradable and biocompatible scaffolds of complex shapes are possible to manufacture by FDM. Further, FDM enables the fabrication of on-demand and customized prosthetics and orthosis. Tooling time and cost involved in the manufacturing of low volume customized products are reduced by FDM based rapid tooling technique. Results of the solvent sensing case study indicate that three-dimensional printed conductive polymer composites can sense different solvents. The sensors with a lower thickness (0.6 mm) exhibit better sensitivity.

This paper outlines the capabilities of FDM and provides information to the user about the different applications possible with FDM.

The purpose is to realize precise apicoectomy with less surgical risk and improved quality and efficiency.

First, the procedure of precise apicoectomy based on additive manufacturing (AM) and digital design is proposed. With CT images of the patient's oral, a 3D model of alveolar bone and teeth is reconstructed, and based on this model, the infected tissue and enclosed root tip can be determined. Thus, a surgical plan can be created based on clear anatomical relationships and minimal negative constraints, which will then determine the drill position, direction and depth, as well as the resection length of root tip. With this plan, a surgical guide design is performed via a composite model from reversed plaster models and hard tissue models from CT, and accessory tools including drill with stop plane and handle are also selected. With the surgical guide, the virtual plan in the computer can be realized in the clinic.

With this methodology, the dentist can perform root-end resection with greater accuracy, save more than 30 percent of operatory time, and the discomfort to the patient is reduced to a minimum.

The proposed methodology has been used in ten cases for root-end resections. In fact, this method of designing a computer-based treatment plan with a 3D model of a patient and applying it in the clinic through guiding tools can be used in other surgeries, such as orthognathic surgery or osteotomy.

This case report illustrates that with AM and digital design methods, optimal operational plans can be designed and realized for apicoectomy, and the quality and efficiency of clinical surgery are greatly improved compared with conventional methods.

The main purpose of this paper is to report the successful treatment modality for patients suffering from arthritis of the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) of the foot which otherwise could not be treated through traditional surgeries.

The unique capabilities of the computer-aided design and the rapid prototyping (RP) technology are used to develop the customized MTPJ implant (SamKu).

This approach shows good results in the fabrication of the MTPJ implant. Postoperatively, the patient experienced normalcy in the movement of the MTPJ of the foot.

Advanced technologies made it possible to fabricate the customized MTPJ implant (SamKu). The advantage of this approach is that the physical RP model assisted in designing the final metallic implant. It also helped in the surgical planning and the rehearsals.

This case report illustrates the benefits of imaging/computer-aided manufacturing/RP to develop the customized implant and serve those patients who could not be treated in the traditional way. This is a pioneered attempt toward implementation of a customized implant for patients suffering from arthritis of the MTPJ.

The purpose of this paper is to report on fabrication procedure and present microstructure and dielectric behavior of willemite ceramic material with addition of 5% Li₂CO₃ as a sintering aid.

The samples were fabricated by ball milling of the ceramic powders, preparation of granulate and pressing and co-firing using temperature profile based on heating microscope observation. The dielectric properties of the material were measured by impedance spectroscopy (Hz-MHz), transmission method (GHz) and time domain spectroscopy (THz). The composition and microstructure of the material were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis. Ceramic powder was used to fabricate a green tape and low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) multilayer structures, which in the next steps of the research were examined at the angle of cooperation with conductive pastes, strength and geometric repeatability.

The fabricated material showed low sintering temperature (920°C–960°C), low dielectric constant 6.2–6.34 and low dissipation factor at the level of 0.004–0.007. As LTCC material, willemite with 5% Li₂CO₃ addition showed good compatibility with AgPd conductive paste.

Search for new materials with low dielectric constant, applicable in LTCC technology, and development of their fabrication procedure are important tasks for the progress in modern microwave circuits.

Malnutrition is a serious public health problem, which occurs because of an inadequate supply of nutrients and therefore affects many children and women (especially pregnant and lactating women of low economic class) worldwide. There is a great need to develop cost-effective fortified food supplements to overcome this problem. Therefore, this study aims to examine the factors that should be considered in the development of low-cost supplementary foods for breastfeeding women.

A wide variety of relevant publications were identified through search in electronic databases (ScienceDirect, PubMed, SciELO, Google Scholar, SpringerLink and ResearchGate) based on different keywords such as malnutrition, specific considerations, supplementary foods and breastfeeding women, which were published before 2020. After looking for adequate literature, 71 articles were examined, which provided an overview of these aspects.

Various food supplements and food products already available in the market are generally expensive and go beyond the purchasing power of lower- or middle-class families. Traditionally, efforts have been made to prepare such supplements at home, but the composition of these products varies based on the economic status of consumers. Therefore, the nutritional status is clearly compromised because of the low standard of living, which requires a great need to develop low-cost nutritious food products, accessible to all and that meet the appropriate nutritional, sensory and economic attributes without ignoring the regulatory guidelines.

This review is majorly focused on the specific considerations, alternative sources, ensuring nutritional and sensorial attributes and economic aspects for the development of supplementary low-cost food products for breastfeeding women with the goal of eliminating malnutrition.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a workflow for design and fabrication of customized surgical guides (CSGs) for placement of the bidirectional extraoral distraction instruments (EDIs) in bilateral mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) surgery to treat the bilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis with zero mouth opening.

The comprehensive workflow consists of six steps: medical imaging; virtual surgical planning (VSP); computer aided design; rapid prototyping (RP); functional testing of CSGs and mock surgery; and clinical application. Fused deposition modeling, an RP process was used to fabricate CSGs in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene material. Finally, mandibular reconstruction with MDO was performed successfully using RP-assisted CSGs.

Design and development of CSGs prior to the actual MDO surgery improves accuracy, reduces operation time and decreases patient morbidity, hence improving the quality of surgery. Manufacturing of CSG is easy using RP to transfer VSP into the actual surgery.

This study describes an RP-assisted CSGs fabrication for exact finding of both; osteotomy site and drilling location to fix EDI’s pins accurately in the mandible; for accurate osteotomy and placement of the bidirectional EDIs in MDO surgery to achieve accurate distraction.

This study aims to investigate the factors responsible for substrate cracking reliability problem in through-glass vias (TGVs), which are critical components for glass-based 2.5 D integration.

Numerical models were used to examine the driving force for substrate cracking in glass interposers due to stress coupling during heating. An analytical solution was used to demonstrate how the energy release rate (ERR) for the glass substrate cracking is affected by the via design and the mismatch in thermal strain. Then, the numerical models were implemented to investigate the design factors effects, such as the pitch distance, via diameter, via pattern, via design, effect from a stress buffer layer and the interposer materials selection on the susceptibility to substrate cracking.

ERR for substrate cracking was found to be directly proportional to the via diameter and the thermal mismatch strain. When a via pattern is implemented for high-density integration, a coupling in the stress fields was identified. This coupling effect was found to depend on the pitch distance, the position of the vias, and the via arrangement, suggesting a via pattern-dependent reliability behavior for glass interposers. Changing the design of the via to an annular shape or a substrate-cored via was found to be a promising approach to reduce the susceptibility to substrate cracking compared to a fully filled solid via. Also, the use of a stress buffer layer, an encouraging design prospect presented for the first time for TGVs in this study, was found to significantly reduce cracking. Finally, alternative via and substrate materials showed lower tendency for substrate cracking, indicating that the reliability of glass interposers can be further enhanced with the implementation of such new materials.

This study signifies the first attempt to comprehensively evaluate the susceptibility to crack formation in glass interposers during heating. Therefore, this study provides new perspectives on how to achieve a significant potential reliability improvement for TGVs.

A large-scale detection system with more data in short time bins, small dead space and small signal identification is the ideology the scientists pursuing. These proposed demands are able to be solved by 2.5 D integration. The substance of a 2.5 D integration is called silicon interposer, which consists of the through silicon via (TSV) and redistribution layer. However, the state-of-the-art silicon interposer is not able to sustain its own mechanical strength with the detector/readout array often sitting as standalone in large science facilities and fails to reduce the expansions on the installation of the components due to its insufficient thickness and size. This study aims to propose a moderation of current interposer with large-sized, standalone properties.

This paper proposes an interposer based on double-sided silicon vias (DSSVs) interconnection. Unlike conventional interposer that is interconnected by TSVs, DSSVs interposer is interconnected by top vias (T-vias) and bottom vias (B-vias).

The fabrication process of DSSVs interposer is introduced, and the superiority of the double-sided interconnection process with two etch-stop layers is described in detail. The impact of different T-vias depth on DSSVs interconnections in the same wafer is discussed and two times PI opening processes are proposed to eliminate air bubbles in the B-via. The relationship between the interposer thickness and warpage is studied by finite element analysis simulation and experiment. The prototype of the DSSVs interposer with a size of 100  × 100 mm and a thickness of 318.2 µm is fabricated, and electrical tests including short tests and continuity tests are carried out.

This paper proposes a large-sized and stand-alone interposer based on DSSVs interconnection.