A.K. Khan, B.C. Ray, J. Maiti and S.K. Dolui
The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of monomer composition in core‐shell latex prepared from co‐polymer of styrene‐butylacrylate (BA)‐methyl methacrylate (MMA) and…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of monomer composition in core‐shell latex prepared from co‐polymer of styrene‐butylacrylate (BA)‐methyl methacrylate (MMA) and their paint properties.
Design/methodology/approach
The core‐shell latex was prepared by a stepwise semi‐batch emulsion polymerisation. A set of dispersion was made with the different core‐shell compositions. The core phase consists of a copolymer of styrene‐BA‐acrylic acid (AA) and the shell phase consists of a copolymer of MMA‐AA. The properties of latex were determined by solid content, viscosity, pH and particle size. Subsequently, emulsion paint (PVC‐37 per cent and NVM‐53 per cent) was prepared using core‐shell latex. The paint properties were determined by block resistance, gloss, elongation at break, etc. The particle morphology was characterised with transmission electron microscope (TEM).
Findings
Core‐shell structure of latex was confirmed by TEM. The performance of core‐shell latex has been optimised and the best combination achieved with 25‐40 per cent of hard phase in core‐shell latex.
Research limitations/implications
Although the core‐shell structured latex was prepared from co‐polymer of styrene‐BA‐MMA monomer, the system could be extended with other monomers depending on the end use of surface coating.
Practical implications
The paint industry may use this method to improve paint properties.
Originality/value
The paper shows that, by use of core‐shell latex, it is possible to achieve high‐block resistance, hardness, elasticity and gloss.
Details
Keywords
Foteini Valeonti, Andreas Vlachidis, Julianne Nyhan, Antonis Bikakis, Rachael Kotarski and Philipp Jovanovic
Advancements in Internet technologies greatly influence digital humanities, yet research investigating web3 (i.e. the blockchain-based, decentralised web) within that domain…
Abstract
Purpose
Advancements in Internet technologies greatly influence digital humanities, yet research investigating web3 (i.e. the blockchain-based, decentralised web) within that domain remains limited. The purpose of this paper is to address that gap, presenting a state-of-the-art synthesis of web3-related technologies for digital humanities infrastructures and exploring associated risks and challenges.
Design/methodology/approach
Following a review of the literature, the authors scope out ways blockchain technology, peer-to-peer decentralised storage and other web3 technologies could support digital humanities infrastructures, especially in the context of digital cultural heritage. In this discussion, particular cognisance is given to the needs and aims of the UK’s Arts and Humanities Research Council funded Towards a National Collection programme, which seeks to break down the barriers that exist between the UK’s cultural heritage collections.
Findings
Web3 introduces novel tools and processes that could benefit digital humanities infrastructures, enabling decentralisation and facilitating open access data storage. Yet, significant barriers to adoption remain, such as the requirement for highly specialised technical expertise. Risks and challenges must also be considered prior to any use, including legal, ethical and technical safeguards.
Research limitations/implications
This study explores opportunities and risks of web3 for digital humanities, through the lens of digital cultural heritage infrastructures and their requirements, including decentralised storage and persistent identification. It does not provide a holistic overview of all web3 technologies.
Practical implications
The authors identify practical uses of web3 technologies for digital humanities projects, outlining potential applications concerning decentralised storage and persistent identification.
Originality/value
The authors push forward current knowledge and literature on the intersection of web3 and digital humanities, outlining also practical recommendations for scholars, practitioners and funding organisations.
Details
Keywords
Roma G. Elfadel, Hala M. Refat, H. Abdelwahab, Salem S. Salem, Mohamed A. Awad and M.A.M. Abdel Reheim
This paper aims to investigate the prepared modified alkyd and poly(ester-amide) (PEA) resins as antimicrobial and insecticide binders for surface coating applications.
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the prepared modified alkyd and poly(ester-amide) (PEA) resins as antimicrobial and insecticide binders for surface coating applications.
Design/methodology/approach
Salicylic diethanolamine and 4-(N, N-dimethylamino) benzylidene glutamic acid were prepared and used as new sources of polyol and dibasic acid for PEA and alkyd resins, then confirmed by: acid value, FT-IR and 1H-NMR. The coating performance of the resins was determined using measurements of physico-mechanical properties. The biological and insecticide activities of the prepared resins were investigated.
Findings
The tests carried out revealed that the modified PEA and alkyd enhanced both phyisco-mechanical and chemical properties in addition to the biological and insecticide activities. The results of this paper illustrate that the introduction of salicylic diethanolamine and 4-(N, N-dimethylamino) benzylidene glutamic acid within the resin structure improved the film performance and enhanced the antimicrobial activity performance of PEA and alkyd resins.
Research limitations/implications
The modified alkyd and PEA organic resins can be used as biocidal binders when incorporated into paint formulations for multiple surface applications, especially those that are exposed to several organisms.
Originality/value
Modified alkyd and PEA resins based on newly synthesized modifiers have a significant potential to be promising in the production and development of antimicrobial and insecticide paints, allowing them to function to restrict the spread of insects and microbial infection.
Details
Keywords
Ashraf El-Bindary, Hala Kiwaan, Abdel Ghany Shoair, Fawzia El-Ablack and Ahmed Eessa
The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new method for modification of alkyd resin by using 3-triethoxysilylpropyl succinic acid anhydride (TESP-SA) as the core material for…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new method for modification of alkyd resin by using 3-triethoxysilylpropyl succinic acid anhydride (TESP-SA) as the core material for low volatile organic components (VOCs) polyurethane coating applications.
Design/methodology/approach
The structural, physical, thermal and film properties of the silane-modified (SM) alkyd were evaluated and compared with those of a silane-free alkyd resin that was prepared by a single-step method. The synthesis reaction was described in a detailed scheme and evidenced by ATR-FTIR measurements and 13C-NMR spectroscopy.
Findings
SM alkyd has synthesized with high solid content (85%) and low viscosity (5700 cP). As a result, environmentally friendly coatings with lower (VOC) emission are possible by using this type of alkyd polymer. The results showed that the presence of the Si atom in the final structure improved the thermal stability against the higher levels of aromatic rings in the silane-free alkyd. It was found that coatings based on SM alkyd have lower values of yellowing factor (Δa) and an increase of gloss retention percentage at different intervals of exposure to the quick ultraviolet weathering conditions.
Practical implications
The synthesized SM alkyd resin provided a practical solution to obtain environmentally friendly coatings with low VOC content, in addition to its improvement in alkyds’ overall characteristics, while still using natural resources – fatty acids – instead of totally petroleum resources.
Originality/value
TESP-SA has not been used before in alkyd polymer modifications, and this study can help countries that are interested in using environmentally-friendly coatings.
Details
Keywords
To evaluate the performance of the blends of Mesua ferrea L. seed oil based polyurethane resins with a commercially available bisphenol‐A epoxy resin at different weight ratios.
Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate the performance of the blends of Mesua ferrea L. seed oil based polyurethane resins with a commercially available bisphenol‐A epoxy resin at different weight ratios.
Design/methodology/approach
For effective improvement of their various properties, polyurethane‐ester (PE) and polyurethane‐amide (PA) resins of Mesua ferrea L. seed oil were blended with a commercially available bisphenol‐A‐based epoxy (EP) in different ratios (PE or PA:EP = 100:40, 100:50 and 100:60 by weight) by using the solution blending technique in xylene. The tensile strength, impact strength, adhesive strength, flexibility, hardness, elongation at break, swelling behaviour and chemical resistance in different media of the films for both the blends have been studied.
Findings
The blending of PE and PA resins of Mesua ferrea L. seed oil with a commercially available bisphenol‐A‐based epoxy (EP) showed very good compatibility of the components as observed by SEM study. The blending also significantly improved the performance characteristics such as drying time, tensile strength, impact strength, adhesive strength, chemical resistance, etc. of the films.
Research limitations/implications
The epoxy resin and the hardener are used of a particular grade of a particular manufacturer. Further, it could be obtained from different sources and of different grades. In addition, the performance characteristics could also be studied to optimise the exact blend ratio.
Practical implications
The method developed provided a simple and practical solution to improve the performance characteristic of polyurethane resin with less than one NCO/OH ratio.
Originality/value
The method for improving the performance characteristics of epoxy modified vegetable oil based polyurethane is something novel and could find numerous applications in surface coatings, adhesive and thin film.
Details
Keywords
R. Rajkumar and C. Vedhi
Polypyrrole (PPy) and PPy/metal oxide nanocomposites were synthesized by oxidative polymerization process, and its corrosion protection ability was studied by immersion test and…
Abstract
Purpose
Polypyrrole (PPy) and PPy/metal oxide nanocomposites were synthesized by oxidative polymerization process, and its corrosion protection ability was studied by immersion test and electrochemical corrosion studies in 1 per cent HCl and 3.5 per cent NaCl solution.
Design/methodology/approach
The prepared composites were loaded in acrylic resin and subsequently coated on a mild steel surface. The characterization of the polymer composites using FT-IR, UV-vis, XRD and FE-SEM with EDS analysis confirmed the interaction between PPy and metal oxide nanoparticles. The PPy nanoparticles were less protected on the mild steel, but the nanocomposite coating with metal oxide nanoparticles dramatically increased the corrosion resistance.
Findings
According to the corrosion protection ability of the coating, it was demonstrated that the acrylic resin coating composed of PPy/metal oxide nanocomposites was highly efficient in protecting the mild steel compared to the PPy nanoparticles. The highest protection efficiency was obtained by PPy/TiO2 nanocomposites with acrylic resin coating.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper consists of original, unpublished work which is not under consideration for publication elsewhere and that all the co-authors have approved the contents of this manuscript and submission.
Details
Keywords
H. Abd El-Wahab and Raafat A. El-Eisawy
This paper aims to prepare new modified alkyd resins and use it as an antimicrobial binder for surface coating applications.
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to prepare new modified alkyd resins and use it as an antimicrobial binder for surface coating applications.
Design/methodology/approach
Various modified alkyd resins were prepared by partial replacement of 3,6-dichloro benzo[b]thiophene-2-carbonyl bis-(2-hydroxy ethyl)-amide as a source of polyol with glycerol and confirmed by acid value, FT-IR, 1H-NMR. The modified alkyd resins were covering a wide range of oil lengths and hydroxyl content (0%, 10%, 20% and 30% excess-OH). The antimicrobial activity of the prepared alkyds was also investigated. The coatings of 60 ± 5 µm thickness were applied to the surface of glass panels and mild steel strips by means of a brush. Physico-mechanical tests, chemical resistance and antimicrobial activities were investigated.
Findings
The obtained results illustrate that the introduction of benzo[b]thiophene derivative as a modifier polyol within the resin structure improved the film performance and enhanced the physico-mechanical characteristics, chemical resistance and the antimicrobial activities.
Practical implications
The modified alkyd resins can be employed as antimicrobial binders in paint compositions for a variety of surfaces, particularly those that are susceptible to a high number of bacteria.
Originality/value
Modified alkyd resins based on antimicrobial heterocyclic compounds have the potential to be promising in the manufacturing of antimicrobial coatings and development of paints, allowing them to function to prevent the spread of microbial infection, which is exactly what the world requires at this time. Also, they can be applied in different substrates for industrial applications.
Details
Keywords
Hossa F. Al-Shareef, Ahmed M. Yousif, Rafaat Eleisawy, Ammar M. Mahmoud and Hamada Abdelwahab
This paper aims to prepare alkyd protective paint by using modified alkyd with 3,6-dichloro benzo[b]thiophene-2-carbonyl glutamic acid (DCBTGA) as a source of dicarboxylic acid…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to prepare alkyd protective paint by using modified alkyd with 3,6-dichloro benzo[b]thiophene-2-carbonyl glutamic acid (DCBTGA) as a source of dicarboxylic acid and evaluating their anticorrosive properties compared with those of unmodified alkyd coatings for steel protection.
Design/methodology/approach
Short, medium and long oil alkyds, which represented as (0, 10, 20 and 30% excess-OH) according to the resin constants (Patton, 1962), were prepared through a condensation polymerization reaction via a solvent process in a one-step reaction. The modification of alkyd was carried out by using DCBTGA as a source of dicarboxylic acid. The prepared modified alkyd was confirmed by IR and NMR spectral analysis. The physicochemical, mechanical and anticorrosion performance properties of the considered modified coating formulations against unmodified blank coating were studied to confirm their application efficiency.
Findings
The best results in terms of physicochemical, mechanical and anticorrosion performance properties were found according to the following of this order activity: 30 replacements of the modifier (DCBTGA) for each hydroxyl continent were 30% Ex-OH > 20% Ex-OH > 10% Ex-OH > 0% Ex-OH, compared with that formulation containing unmodified alkyd, especially with increasing the modifier percent.
Originality/value
The prepared DCBTGA-modified resins can be used for different applications based on the type of alkyd and application.
Details
Keywords
Abbas Ahmad Adamu, Norazilawati Muhamad Sarih and Seng Neon Gan
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) waste from soft drink bottles was incorporated into palm olein alkyd to produce new polyol for use in polyurethane resins as surface protection…
Abstract
Purpose
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) waste from soft drink bottles was incorporated into palm olein alkyd to produce new polyol for use in polyurethane resins as surface protection on metal surfaces.
Design/methodology/approach
Alkyd was prepared from palm olein, glycerol and phthalic anhydride. PET underwent simultaneous glycolysis and transesterification reactions with the alkyd. Varying the amount of PET has led to polyols with different viscosities. Polyurethane resins were produced by reacting the polyols with toluene diisocyanate. The resins were coated on mild steel panels and cured. Performances of the cured films were tested.
Findings
The polyurethanes (PU) resin cured to a harder film with better thermal stability. Films showed excellent adhesion properties, while higher content of PET exhibited higher pencil hardness, better water, salt, acid and alkali resistance.
Research limitations/implications
Other vegetable oils could also be used. The alkyd structure could be changed by formulation to have different functionality and the ability to incorporate higher amount of PET waste. Rate of glycolysis of PET could be increased by higher amount of ethylene glycol.
Practical implications
This method has managed to use waste PET in producing new polyol and PU resins. The cured films exhibit good mechanical and chemical properties, as well as excellent adhesion and thermal stability.
Social implications
The non-biodegradable PET has created environmental pollution problems connected to littering and illegal landfilling. It has become necessary to pay greater attention to recycling PET bottles for obtaining valuable products.
Originality/value
This approach is different from the earlier reports, where PET was recycled to recover the raw materials.
Details
Keywords
Vikas V. Gite, Ashok B. Chaudhari, Ravindra Dattatraya Kulkarni and Dilip G. Hundiwale
The primary purpose of this work is to prepare the renewable source-based polyurethanes coatings which can be used to substitute petroleum-based materials. In the secondary…
Abstract
Purpose
The primary purpose of this work is to prepare the renewable source-based polyurethanes coatings which can be used to substitute petroleum-based materials. In the secondary purpose, the paper included improvement in the properties of said PU coatings using modified nano TiO2 for industrial PU coatings.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors have synthesised low molecular weight polyols (monoglycerides) based on vegetable oils such as castor, linseed, coconut, mustard, sunflower and rice bran oils. These monoglycerides were successfully utilised in the preparation of polyurethane coatings. In order to improve the performance of these coatings, modified nano TiO2 was incorporated into them. The particle size of TiO2 was determined by transmission electron microscopy. Coatings prepared were characterised for their properties such as gloss, scratch resistance, impact resistance, flexibility, cross cut adhesion and chemical resistance. The thermal stability of coatings was also studied by thermo gravimetric analyzer.
Findings
The polyurethane coatings prepared from six monoglycerides of different oils with polymeric diphenyl methane diisocyanate showed good chemical resistance and thermal stability. Coating properties like impact resistance, flexibility and adhesion were excellent for all of the prepared samples of PU coatings. PU coatings with excellent hardness up to 5B were found with the modification of nano TiO2 by silane coupling agent. The authors successfully prepared the renewable source-based (monoglycerides of oil) PU coatings.
Practical implications
Practically the authors are able to convert renewable source that is vegetable oils into polyurethane coatings which may have strong potential to be used as industrial surface coating. The properties of the PU coatings were evaluated before and after the incorporation of different concentration of surface-modified nano TiO2 which revealed that the presence of 1 percent nano TiO2 showed significant enhancement in coating properties.
Originality/value
The beauty of this work includes synthesis of polyurethanes coatings from renewable source material (monoglycerides of vegetable oils) to substitute petroleum-based materials. The incorporation of silane-modified TiO2 nanoparticles in renewable source-based PU coatings is another originality of the work. This article is also representing comparative study of various vegetable oils on PU coatings.