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Introduction: Healthcare facilities have witnessed deterioration, limited employee engagement, and communication gaps due to a lack of wireless technology. The Internet makes work and life quicker and more intelligent. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a scheme of interconnection equipped with unique identifiers in recent years. Artificial intelligence (AI) and IoT advancement allow employees to develop competent and predictive services and solutions in human resource (HR) practices. This chapter has been formulated to summarise and classify the existing research and better understand the past, present, and future of employee engagement by improving IoT interrelated devices in the healthcare industry.

Purpose: This study aims to categorise and overcome the challenges involved in HR practices. Effectively embracing IoT application-connected devices in the healthcare industry can enhance human resources management’s (HRM) role and measure performance assessment to improve employee engagement and productivity.

Methodology: In this study, the authors develop propositions dependent on a theory-based review. A systematic analysis was applied to minimise the challenges of HRM. The subject-related articles from different journal sources, like Scopus, Emerald, Web of Science, Springer, etc., were analysed based on engagement criteria. It was graphically recorded in a collective and informative way to emphasise the review outcomes. The study has presented the positive impacts of AI and IoT on engagement in health care.

Summary: This chapter accumulated theory-based knowledge about healthcare employee engagement and how IoT-based technology like AI can optimise employees’ engagement effectively. Further, it draws comparative benefits for a workforce to execute performance advancements and create future progressive aspects for healthcare employees.

One of the significant underlying principles of nanorobotic systems deals with the understanding and conceptualization of their respective complex nanocomponents. This paper introduces a new methodology to compute a set of optimal electronic and mathematical properties of Buckyball nanoparticle using graph algorithms based on dynamic programming and greedy algorithm.

Buckyball, C₆₀, is composed of sixty equivalent carbon atoms arranged as a highly symmetric hollow spherical cage in the form of a soccer ball. At first, Wiener, hyper‐Wiener, Harary and reciprocal Wiener indices were computed using dynamic programming and presented them as: W(Buckyball)=11870.4, WW(Buckyball)=52570.9, Ha(Buckyball)=102.2 and RW(Buckyball)=346.9. The polynomials of Buckyball, Hosoya and hyper‐Hosoya, which are in relationship with Buckyball's indices, have also been computed. The relationships between Buckyball's indices and polynomials were then computed and demonstrated a good agreement with their mathematical equations. Also, a graph algorithm based on greedy algorithms was used to find some optimal electronic aspects of Buckyball's structure by computing the Minimum Weight Spanning Tree (MWST) of Buckyball.

The computed MWST was indicated that for connecting sixty carbon atoms of Buckyball together: the minimum numbers of double bonds were 30; the minimum numbers of single bonds were 29; and the minimum numbers of electrons were 178. These results also had good agreement with the principles of the authors' used greedy algorithm.

This paper has used the graph algorithms for computing the optimal electronic and mathematical properties of BB. It has focused on mathematical properties of BB including Wiener, hyper‐Wiener, Harary and reciprocal Wiener indices as well as Hosoya and Hyper‐Hosoya polynomials and computerized them with dynamic programming graph algorithms.

This study aims to indicate the most significant entrepreneurial environmental challenges that motivate universities of Kurdistan to become more entrepreneurial.

This qualitative study of 24 in-depth semi-structured interviews with deans and heads of department in the universities of Kurdistan Region deals with what is meant by being an entrepreneurial university and what challenges motivate universities toward adopting the entrepreneurial university model. Interviews were organized, coded and grouped using template analysis approach.

The results showed that most significant entrepreneurial environmental challenges that push universities in Kurdistan Region to becoming more entrepreneurial are university funding, having collaborations, contributing to the regional development, developing entrepreneurial competencies, globalization challenges, the need for innovation and the emergence of the opposition forces.

This study examines only the entrepreneurial environmental challenges that have been identified by Gibb et al. (2013). Also, it does not consider the role of leadership in dealing with these challenges.

This study extends the framework of Gibb et al. (2013) of the entrepreneurial environmental challenges that push universities to become more entrepreneurial by considering the challenges that universities in developing countries face. Then, this study adds greater clarity to the challenges that motivate universities to become more entrepreneurial in developing countries.